]> AC3 AMR ATRAC ATRAC2 ATRAC3 DTS ITU-T_G.72X Linear_PCM MP3,MPEG-1_layer_3 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 WMA mixed multi-track music speech natural synthetic CD-A_distribution broadcast medical scientific home_theatre_5.1 mono movie_theatre no_sound stereo surround HMMD HSV LinearMatrix Monochrome RGB YCrCb Describes the optical image aspect ratio. It is the quotient of width and height in non-pixel based presentation units (e.g, screen dimensions for films). Describes the pixel aspect ratio (width/height). Describes the pixel aspect ratio (width/height). Describes the temporal sampling structure used for the coding of the video. The values of the temporal sampling structure are defined as follows: progressive – The sampling structure is progressive (non-interlaced), interlaced – The sampling structure is interlaced (2:1, two fields interlaced in each frame). interlaced progressive B/W_graphic B/W_photograph color_graphic color_photograph complex_color_graphic gray_graphic gray_photograph simplex_color_graphic natural scanned_document aerial medical printed_publication remote-sensing scientific security The relation between information objects and entities they are about. The difference with 'expresses' is that the last requires a situation to be about something. E.g. Dante's Comedy is about facts like Dante�s travel to the hereafter. The Comedy expresses a script as well as various related meanings, while the facts talked about are not 'expressed'. Given that descriptions are expressed by at least one IO, and that interpretations of IOs requires conceiving a description, and the (plausible) claim that being about something can only be done in context, i.e. within a situation, we can propose that the conceived description is satisfied by the situation (the context) of the entity the IO is about: About(x,y,t) ? ?d,s. Description(d) ? Expresses(x,d,t) ? Situation(s) ? SettingFor(s,y) ? SAT(s,d) On this basis, about would result to be a mediated relation. This is still a proposal, then we keep about here as a primitive for some time. Subproperty of REFERENCES The relation between information objects and entities they are about. The difference with 'expresses' is that the last requires a situation to be about something. E.g. Dante's Comedy is about facts like Dante�s travel to the hereafter. The Comedy expresses a script as well as various related meanings, while the facts talked about are not 'expressed'. Given that descriptions are expressed by at least one IO, and that interpretations of IOs requires conceiving a description, and the (plausible) claim that being about something can only be done in context, i.e. within a situation, we can propose that the conceived description is satisfied by the situation (the context) of the entity the IO is about: About(x,y,t) ? ?d,s. Description(d) ? Expresses(x,d,t) ? Situation(s) ? SettingFor(s,y) ? SAT(s,d) On this basis, about would result to be a mediated relation. This is still a proposal, then we keep about here as a primitive for some time. Subproperty of REFERENCES (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both Lists. The relation between information objects and entities they are about. The difference with 'expresses' is that the last requires a situation to be about something. E.g. Dante's Comedy is about facts like Dante�s travel to the hereafter. The Comedy expresses a script as well as various related meanings, while the facts talked about are not 'expressed'. Given that descriptions are expressed by at least one IO, and that interpretations of IOs requires conceiving a description, and the (plausible) claim that being about something can only be done in context, i.e. within a situation, we can propose that the conceived description is satisfied by the situation (the context) of the entity the IO is about: About(x,y,t) ? ?d,s. Description(d) ? Expresses(x,d,t) ? Situation(s) ? SettingFor(s,y) ? SAT(s,d) On this basis, about would result to be a mediated relation. This is still a proposal, then we keep about here as a primitive for some time. Subproperty of REFERENCES The relation between information objects and entities they are about. The difference with 'expresses' is that the last requires a situation to be about something. E.g. Dante's Comedy is about facts like Dante�s travel to the hereafter. The Comedy expresses a script as well as various related meanings, while the facts talked about are not 'expressed'. Given that descriptions are expressed by at least one IO, and that interpretations of IOs requires conceiving a description, and the (plausible) claim that being about something can only be done in context, i.e. within a situation, we can propose that the conceived description is satisfied by the situation (the context) of the entity the IO is about: About(x,y,t) ? ?d,s. Description(d) ? Expresses(x,d,t) ? Situation(s) ? SettingFor(s,y) ? SAT(s,d) On this basis, about would result to be a mediated relation. This is still a proposal, then we keep about here as a primitive for some time. Subproperty of REFERENCES a.k.a. support. A physical representation (p. endurant, p. perdurant, or p. quality) realizes a non-physical object according to a system of rules. The main use of this relation is between information objects and the entities through which information objects are used and interpreted. E.g. a paper copy of the 1861 edition of Dante's Comedy, with Dor��s illustrations, realizes the Comedy (as an information object). There is a sense in which any entity that realizes an IO also realizes an IO about itself. Realizes(x,y,t) ? ?z. About(z,x,t) ? Realizes(x,z,t) For example, a painting realizing information about a woman also realizes information about itself. Of course, the converse of the previous axiom does not hold in general: * About(x,y,t) ? ?z. Realizes(z,x,t) ? About(x,z,t) For example, the information about a woman can be realized by entities different from that woman (as when referring to an absent woman). In other words, an entity (in a semiotic perspective) always realizes two information objects: one about itself, and another about something else. In the non-semiotic cases, the information objects are identical (an entity only realizes information about itself). Therefore entities, once they have a relevance in a society, can have semiotic properties. Even physical artifacts that are not built primarily for communicative purposes � e.g. a chair � can be considered as realizing some IO that expresses a design description, and is about a context (situation) of use, fruition, or just affordance that satisfies the design. Subproperty of REFERENCES a.k.a. support. A physical representation (p. endurant, p. perdurant, or p. quality) realizes a non-physical object according to a system of rules. The main use of this relation is between information objects and the entities through which information objects are used and interpreted. E.g. a paper copy of the 1861 edition of Dante's Comedy, with Dor��s illustrations, realizes the Comedy (as an information object). There is a sense in which any entity that realizes an IO also realizes an IO about itself. Realizes(x,y,t) ? ?z. About(z,x,t) ? Realizes(x,z,t) For example, a painting realizing information about a woman also realizes information about itself. Of course, the converse of the previous axiom does not hold in general: * About(x,y,t) ? ?z. Realizes(z,x,t) ? About(x,z,t) For example, the information about a woman can be realized by entities different from that woman (as when referring to an absent woman). In other words, an entity (in a semiotic perspective) always realizes two information objects: one about itself, and another about something else. In the non-semiotic cases, the information objects are identical (an entity only realizes information about itself). Therefore entities, once they have a relevance in a society, can have semiotic properties. Even physical artifacts that are not built primarily for communicative purposes � e.g. a chair � can be considered as realizing some IO that expresses a design description, and is about a context (situation) of use, fruition, or just affordance that satisfies the design. Subproperty of REFERENCES The relation between information objects and entities they are about. The difference with 'expresses' is that the last requires a situation to be about something. E.g. Dante's Comedy is about facts like Dante�s travel to the hereafter. The Comedy expresses a script as well as various related meanings, while the facts talked about are not 'expressed'. Given that descriptions are expressed by at least one IO, and that interpretations of IOs requires conceiving a description, and the (plausible) claim that being about something can only be done in context, i.e. within a situation, we can propose that the conceived description is satisfied by the situation (the context) of the entity the IO is about: About(x,y,t) ? ?d,s. Description(d) ? Expresses(x,d,t) ? Situation(s) ? SettingFor(s,y) ? SAT(s,d) On this basis, about would result to be a mediated relation. This is still a proposal, then we keep about here as a primitive for some time. Subproperty of REFERENCES The relation between information objects and entities they are about. The difference with 'expresses' is that the last requires a situation to be about something. E.g. Dante's Comedy is about facts like Dante�s travel to the hereafter. The Comedy expresses a script as well as various related meanings, while the facts talked about are not 'expressed'. Given that descriptions are expressed by at least one IO, and that interpretations of IOs requires conceiving a description, and the (plausible) claim that being about something can only be done in context, i.e. within a situation, we can propose that the conceived description is satisfied by the situation (the context) of the entity the IO is about: About(x,y,t) ? ?d,s. Description(d) ? Expresses(x,d,t) ? Situation(s) ? SettingFor(s,y) ? SAT(s,d) On this basis, about would result to be a mediated relation. This is still a proposal, then we keep about here as a primitive for some time. Subproperty of REFERENCES a.k.a. support. A physical representation (p. endurant, p. perdurant, or p. quality) realizes a non-physical object according to a system of rules. The main use of this relation is between information objects and the entities through which information objects are used and interpreted. E.g. a paper copy of the 1861 edition of Dante's Comedy, with Dor��s illustrations, realizes the Comedy (as an information object). There is a sense in which any entity that realizes an IO also realizes an IO about itself. Realizes(x,y,t) ? ?z. About(z,x,t) ? Realizes(x,z,t) For example, a painting realizing information about a woman also realizes information about itself. Of course, the converse of the previous axiom does not hold in general: * About(x,y,t) ? ?z. Realizes(z,x,t) ? About(x,z,t) For example, the information about a woman can be realized by entities different from that woman (as when referring to an absent woman). In other words, an entity (in a semiotic perspective) always realizes two information objects: one about itself, and another about something else. In the non-semiotic cases, the information objects are identical (an entity only realizes information about itself). Therefore entities, once they have a relevance in a society, can have semiotic properties. Even physical artifacts that are not built primarily for communicative purposes � e.g. a chair � can be considered as realizing some IO that expresses a design description, and is about a context (situation) of use, fruition, or just affordance that satisfies the design. Subproperty of REFERENCES a.k.a. support. A physical representation (p. endurant, p. perdurant, or p. quality) realizes a non-physical object according to a system of rules. The main use of this relation is between information objects and the entities through which information objects are used and interpreted. E.g. a paper copy of the 1861 edition of Dante's Comedy, with Dor��s illustrations, realizes the Comedy (as an information object). There is a sense in which any entity that realizes an IO also realizes an IO about itself. Realizes(x,y,t) ? ?z. About(z,x,t) ? Realizes(x,z,t) For example, a painting realizing information about a woman also realizes information about itself. Of course, the converse of the previous axiom does not hold in general: * About(x,y,t) ? ?z. Realizes(z,x,t) ? About(x,z,t) For example, the information about a woman can be realized by entities different from that woman (as when referring to an absent woman). In other words, an entity (in a semiotic perspective) always realizes two information objects: one about itself, and another about something else. In the non-semiotic cases, the information objects are identical (an entity only realizes information about itself). Therefore entities, once they have a relevance in a society, can have semiotic properties. Even physical artifacts that are not built primarily for communicative purposes � e.g. a chair � can be considered as realizing some IO that expresses a design description, and is about a context (situation) of use, fruition, or just affordance that satisfies the design. Subproperty of REFERENCES ASCII HTML chart graphic mixed photographic natural synthetic DVD_distribution aerial broadcast medical remote-sensing scientific H261 H263 JPEG JPEG2000 MJPEG MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 The relation between information objects and entities they are about. The difference with 'expresses' is that the last requires a situation to be about something. E.g. Dante's Comedy is about facts like Dante�s travel to the hereafter. The Comedy expresses a script as well as various related meanings, while the facts talked about are not 'expressed'. Given that descriptions are expressed by at least one IO, and that interpretations of IOs requires conceiving a description, and the (plausible) claim that being about something can only be done in context, i.e. within a situation, we can propose that the conceived description is satisfied by the situation (the context) of the entity the IO is about: About(x,y,t) ? ?d,s. Description(d) ? Expresses(x,d,t) ? Situation(s) ? SettingFor(s,y) ? SAT(s,d) On this basis, about would result to be a mediated relation. This is still a proposal, then we keep about here as a primitive for some time. Subproperty of REFERENCES The relation between information objects and entities they are about. The difference with 'expresses' is that the last requires a situation to be about something. E.g. Dante's Comedy is about facts like Dante�s travel to the hereafter. The Comedy expresses a script as well as various related meanings, while the facts talked about are not 'expressed'. Given that descriptions are expressed by at least one IO, and that interpretations of IOs requires conceiving a description, and the (plausible) claim that being about something can only be done in context, i.e. within a situation, we can propose that the conceived description is satisfied by the situation (the context) of the entity the IO is about: About(x,y,t) ? ?d,s. Description(d) ? Expresses(x,d,t) ? Situation(s) ? SettingFor(s,y) ? SAT(s,d) On this basis, about would result to be a mediated relation. This is still a proposal, then we keep about here as a primitive for some time. Subproperty of REFERENCES a.k.a. support. A physical representation (p. endurant, p. perdurant, or p. quality) realizes a non-physical object according to a system of rules. The main use of this relation is between information objects and the entities through which information objects are used and interpreted. E.g. a paper copy of the 1861 edition of Dante's Comedy, with Dor��s illustrations, realizes the Comedy (as an information object). There is a sense in which any entity that realizes an IO also realizes an IO about itself. Realizes(x,y,t) ? ?z. About(z,x,t) ? Realizes(x,z,t) For example, a painting realizing information about a woman also realizes information about itself. Of course, the converse of the previous axiom does not hold in general: * About(x,y,t) ? ?z. Realizes(z,x,t) ? About(x,z,t) For example, the information about a woman can be realized by entities different from that woman (as when referring to an absent woman). In other words, an entity (in a semiotic perspective) always realizes two information objects: one about itself, and another about something else. In the non-semiotic cases, the information objects are identical (an entity only realizes information about itself). Therefore entities, once they have a relevance in a society, can have semiotic properties. Even physical artifacts that are not built primarily for communicative purposes � e.g. a chair � can be considered as realizing some IO that expresses a design description, and is about a context (situation) of use, fruition, or just affordance that satisfies the design. Subproperty of REFERENCES a.k.a. support. A physical representation (p. endurant, p. perdurant, or p. quality) realizes a non-physical object according to a system of rules. The main use of this relation is between information objects and the entities through which information objects are used and interpreted. E.g. a paper copy of the 1861 edition of Dante's Comedy, with Dor��s illustrations, realizes the Comedy (as an information object). There is a sense in which any entity that realizes an IO also realizes an IO about itself. Realizes(x,y,t) ? ?z. About(z,x,t) ? Realizes(x,z,t) For example, a painting realizing information about a woman also realizes information about itself. Of course, the converse of the previous axiom does not hold in general: * About(x,y,t) ? ?z. Realizes(z,x,t) ? About(x,z,t) For example, the information about a woman can be realized by entities different from that woman (as when referring to an absent woman). In other words, an entity (in a semiotic perspective) always realizes two information objects: one about itself, and another about something else. In the non-semiotic cases, the information objects are identical (an entity only realizes information about itself). Therefore entities, once they have a relevance in a society, can have semiotic properties. Even physical artifacts that are not built primarily for communicative purposes � e.g. a chair � can be considered as realizing some IO that expresses a design description, and is about a context (situation) of use, fruition, or just affordance that satisfies the design. Subproperty of REFERENCES What's the abbreviation for F�d�ration Internationale de Football Association ? Abstract answer types are all types that do not correspond to a (NE) semantic class, like Abbreviation, Synonym, Definition, Cause, ... This pattern is implemented by a more active correction editor, which uses different colours and special options for word replacement etc. This answer type has no specific semantics. It collects additional media found in conjunction with the actual answer (type). The media types added here are not meant to correspond to each other. This is a (user) question's answer. Normally we ask for simple facts. The answer can both be an intermediate answer or the final result and may contain multiple answer type instances. This answer types, such as Location and Person, are aggregations (and no subconcepts) to the answer concept. An answer type is a multimodal, hierarchical concept. To ensure full coverage of all forms of simple answers, and to be able to factor in deviations and special requirements, a typology is being developed. (See e.g. Hovy et al. Towards Semantics-Based Answer Pinpointing) for similar approaches. More general answer types should be overwritten by more specific ones, if possible. Application specific meta informations (AppSpecificMetaInf) express a list of atribute value pairs. This dialogue act stands for utterances of acknowledgement like "mm, yes" to indicate hearer attention and comprehension. A Button can be placed on screen (touch sensitive) or on the PDA. This response is the clarification of a former clarification request. It may contain multiple answer type instances. This pattern allows for concurrent media display and navigation. For example, below the pic/video screen, all images and vids can be selected and navigated - while the screen is apparent. This is the superclass for all patterns that concern the content frame (2). What is a ..? Define ... All input- and output devices such as microphone, keypad, textarea, ... We differ between device roles when possible. For example, ListSelector is a device which selection can be performed by pen or cursor. We are not interested in this distinction. Loosing dialog focus. User answers/talks about something not relevant to the current dialog state. The Class of Discourse is a superclass for all discourse related concepts like DialogAct, AnswerType, etc. Two questions combined with OR. (Either_Or) How long takes server request? How long takes submission to device? I am processing ... Please wait. Includes different kinds of entertainment - live entertainment and entertainment by means of an audio-video device Forwarding to external service: Browsing, Form Filling, Bank Transaction, Informatoin Desk, Email Voice Ou tput This pattern describes, how navigational functionality for help and home is implemented: They are dedicated buttons on the device, and the corresponding layouts (+ content infromation) after invocation. The instances need not correspond to each other (as for the mediaType slot). This slot is for use by the AdditionalMaterial Answer Type only. For example, pictures within the same source file may not correspond to the actual answer type, but represent useful additional information material. Subsumes all system infos (status) and user utterances with information content apart from questions or answers. An InteractionDesignPattern(s) represents a concrete solution of interaction elements on the PDA display. Some interaction patterns (such as VoiceControl) entail audio input/output in additon. Introduce domain of interest. Example domains: Berlin, football, nightlife, .. "I need information about Berlin." --> (1) "How many airports?", (2) "Where is the cheapest hotel?" User informs system about positions or contraints for processing, e.g. maximal answer time, or: "Show only texts, no pictures." Keyboard input is textual input via keyboard. The content must stem form an open class such as 'Name'. In case that that the textual input is selected from a closed list, we use 'ListSelector'. This is the query editor pattern for editing the user input, represented in textual form. Maps definite and indefinite noun phrases and words. A special case is the restriction that the subject of a sentence beginning with expletive there, must be an indefinite noun phrase. Not only a simple rejection, but a correction in addition. "No, on Monday". Subsumes all requests posed by the user, except clarification request which is only posed by the system. Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline. Any TimePoint or TimeInterval along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to PositiveInfinity. Used to map a speech analysis to a flat reprerentation in the ontology. Semantic answer types are semantic NE - Classes such as Location and Person. They can be both open classes (e.g. Person) or closed classes (e.g. Nationality). Inform the user about system status, like expected answer time, meta information about results, open queries, etc. Represents the input string derived from an textual user input on a device (e.g MDA). This is a weak interpretation of synonyms: Who is "der Kaiser"? Franz Beckenbauer Subsumes all System commands like: "Stop all running queries." "Next Question:" User utterance that could not be classified to any defined dialog act. (after ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 begins after the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 ends. (before ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 begins. A function that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval begins. Flag that representes the day's deicitic time. Possible values : today, tomorrow, yesterday, theDaybeforeYesterday, theDayAfterTomorrow. dayAfterTomorrow dayBeforeYesterday today tomorrow Afternoon Forenoon Morning Night ago in A function that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval ends. Specifies the object containing the focused property used for the search. "Wann wurde England Weltmeister?" - focusObject = WorldCup Specifies the focused property used for the search. "Wann wurde England Weltmeister?" - focusProperty = heldOn Ordering relation in case the result is contained in an "IncrementalResult" is time expressed in milliseconds. All types listed are meant to correspond to each other. They form a real multimodal answer. April August December February January July June March May November October September This slot references the containing class with other classes of the ontology. The relationship is 1:n. Autumn Spring Summer Winter A function that assigns a subclass of Minutes to the Seconds. Indicates the modul originating the information. Onto: KnowledgeServer ABSA: AgentBasedSemanticAccess QA: QuestionAnswering WSAC WebServicesAccessComponent SD: SemistructuredData ABSA Onto QA SD Refers to the type of the source text, where it stems from. The "TEXT" - type is the most unspecified one. This type can also be used for whole documents. CAPTION FOOTNOTE PARAGRAPH SNIPPET Express a temporal deixis. Used to resolve Utterances like: "next Week". It is not designed to resolve time anaphoric references!!! last next begin end def indef Friday Monday Saturday Sunday Thursday Tuesday 'endPoint' specify the endpoint properties based on a set of common endpoint property attributes in EMMA, such as emma:endpoint-address, emma:port-num, emma:port-type, etc. Moreover, it provides an extensible annotation structure that allows the inclusion of application and vendor specific endpoint properties. de en en_GB en_US Describes the number and optionally the configuration of audio channels in the Media Profile. The channel configuration information can be described by use of ‘front’, ‘side’, ‘rear’ and ‘lfe’ attribute. In case of multilingual or multitrack audio stream, the number of tracks can be described on ‘track’ attribute. Describes the coding of the audio component of the Media Profile. If a content entity is audiovisual, VisualCoding and AudioCoding are used simultaneously. Set of terms describing the MPEG7 AudioCodingFormat classification scheme Set of terms describing the MPEG7 AudioDomain classification scheme Set of terms describing the MPEG7 AudioDomain classification scheme Set of terms describing the MPEG7 AudioDomain classification scheme Set of terms describing the MPEG7 AudioPresentation classification scheme Describes a temporal audio segment corresponding to a temporal period of an audio sequence. Indicates the nominal bit rate in bit/s of the Media Profile. This descriptor defines a uniform quantization of a color space. The number of bins which the quantizer produces is configurable, such that great flexibility is provided for a wide range of applications. For a meaningful application in the context of MPEG-7, this descriptor has to be combined with dominant color descriptors, e.g. to express the meaning of the values of dominant colors. Describes the color spaces that will be used in other color based descriptions. Controlled use of a term from some classification scheme (eg: audio domain, image domain etc.). A term represents one well-defined concept in the domain, covered by the classification scheme (CS) This color descriptor is most suitable for representing local (object or image region) features where a small number of colors are enough to characterize the color information in the region of interest. Whole images are also applicable, for example, flag images or color trademark images. Color quantization is used to extract a small number of representing colors in each region/image. The percentage of each quantized color in the region is calculated correspondingly. A spatial coherency on the entire descriptor is also defined, and is used in similarity retrieval. The Group of Frames/Group of Pictures color descriptor extends the ScalableColor descriptor that is defined for a still image to color description of a video segment or a collection of still images. Additional two bits allows to define how the color histogram was calculated, before the Haar transfor is applied to it: by average, median or intersection. Set of terms describing the MPEG7 ImageDomain classification scheme Set of terms describing the MPEG7 ImageDomain classification scheme Set of terms describing the MPEG7 ImageDomain classification scheme Information related to the file format and the coding parameters of the MediaProfile. Identifies the multimedia content entity independent of the different available instances and profiles. Physical content entity. An identifier and locator identifies the instance Describes one media profile of the multimedia content. Coding schemes (different parameters, resolution, compression etc.) are described here. Describes quality rating information of an audio or visual content. This is the quality of the signal. Quality of an audio or visual content may decrease when the signal goes through compression, transmission, or signal conversion. Media Quality can be used to represent both subjective and objective quality ratings. Describes a spatio-temporal segment or moving region of a video sequence. Describes the rating values and the criterion used to create the ratings. For example, media quality rating and media reviews. The Scalable Color Descriptor is a Color Histogram in HSV Color Space, which is encoded by a Haar transform. Its binary representation is scalable in terms of bin numbers and bit representation accuracy over a broad range of data rates. The Scalable Color Descriptor is useful for image-to-image matching and retrieval based on color feature. Retrieval accuracy increases with the number of bits used in the representation. Decompositions of the audio, visual, textual segments in space, time and frequency. Describes a spatial segment or region of an image or a frame in a video (2D). Describes a spatial segment or region of an image or a frame in a video (3D). Decomposition of a still region of an image or video frame (3D). Decomposition of a still region of an image or video frame (2D). Set of terms describing the MPEG7 VideoDomain classification scheme Describes the coding of the visual component of the Media Profile. If a content entity is audiovisual, VisualCoding and AudioCoding are used simultaneously. Describes a visual feature of the still region using a visual descriptor. The average histogram, which refers to averaging the counter value of each bin across all frames or pictures, is equivalent to computing the aggregate color histogram of all frames and pictures with proper normalization. The Median Histogram refers to computing the median of the counter value of each bin across all frames or pictures. It is more robust to round-off errors and the presence of outliers in image intensity values compared to the average histogram. The Intersection Histogram refers to computing the minimum of the counter value of each bin across all frames or pictures to capture the "least common" color traits of a group of images. average intersection Describes the coding of the audio component of the Media Profile. If a content entity is audiovisual, VisualCoding and AudioCoding are used simultaneously. Describes one source, acquisition and/or use of an audio content entity. If a content entity is audiovisual, AudioDomain and VideoDomain are used simultaneously. An example of a classification scheme is MPEG7AudioDomainCS. Defines the type of the audio emphasis used. The values can be either selected from the following list or a free text. none – Audio emphasis is not used,50/15Microseconds – Audio emphasis is 50/15 microseconds, ccittJ17 – Audio emphasis is CCITT J.17. 50Over15Microseconds ccittJ17 Indicates the average numerical value for the BitRate in case of variable bit rate. Indicates the bandwidth range in Hz covered by the coded multimedia content. Its value dependents on the acquisition filters and/or transcoding applied to the Media Profile. Indicates the nominal bit rate in bit/s of the Media Profile. HMMD HSV LinearMatrix Monochrome RGB YCrCb B Cb Cr Diff G H Max Min R S Sum V Describes one component Media Profile of a multiplexed Media Profile, describing a multimedia content with different component multimedia contents. Identifies uniquely the particular and unique multimedia content entity. For example, ISO's ISAN. Indicates the size, in bytes, of the file where the Media Profile is stored. Indicates the height of images and frames in pixels. The quotient of width and height is the sampling aspect ratio, which is the same as the optical image aspect ratio if the pixels are square. Describes one source, acquisition and/or use of an image content entity. An example of a classification scheme is MPEG7ImageDomainCS. Describes the location of a Media Instance not available via a Media Locator. For example, the location of tapes stored in the analogue archive of a broadcaster. Indicates the maximum numerical value for the BitRate in case of variable bit rate. Represents the media duration in time using a lexical representation of days (nD), time duration and a fraction specification (TnHnMnSnN) including the specification of the number of fractions of one second (nF): (-)PnDTnHnMnSnNnF todo: change datatype (?) Identifies and locates one Media Instance of the Media Profile. Describes the quality of the signal corresponding to the Media Profile. Specifies a media time point using Gregorian date and day time. Format: YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss:nnnFNNN n: number of fractions, nnn can be any number between 0 and NNN-1 (NNN and with it nnn can have an arbitrary number of digits) N: number of fractions of one second which are counted by nnn. NNN can have a arbitrary number of digits and is not limited to three. (T and F are delimiters delimiters for the time specification and the number of fractions of one second resp.) Todo: change datatype (?) Indicates the minimum numerical value for the BitRate in case of variable bit rate. 0 1 2 3 4 6 128 16 256 32 Describes the rating values and the criterion used to create the media quality ratings. Indicates the actual numerical rating values assigned to the multimedia content. Indicates the resolution of images and frames in dpi (dots per inch). interlaced progressive Indicates the nominal bit rate in bits/s of the channel for which this MediaProfile is targeted. Describes one source, acquisition and/or use of a textual entity. The number of independent audio tracks used in a multilingual or multitrack audio stream. byte char double float integer long Indicates whether the bitrate is variable or fixed. If the bitrate is variable, three optional attributes can be used to specify the minimum, maximum and average bitrates. Describes one source, acquisition and/or use of a video content entity. An example of a classification scheme is MPEG7VideoDomainCS.. Describes the coding of the visual component of the Media Profile. If a content entity is audiovisual, VisualCoding and AudioCoding are used simultaneously. Indicates the width of images and frames in pixels. The quotient of width and height is the sampling aspect ratio, which is the same as the optical image aspect ratio if the pixels are square. DR: a building has the property position depending on the geographical position where it is located; influencing the effort to get there; has the position region: - low - middle - high DR: position of buildings: - low - middle - high influencing the needed effort to get to the building; DR: The agent performs a body motion of any kind to get to another place;without any transportation device; -> either walks, runs, crawls, jumps.... DR: user is normal fit and needs normal effort to get to his destination; the region of atmospheric conditions, which can be temperature or weather the meteorological conditions: temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation one of the four seasons; duration: 23rd September -20th December a description for biking in bad weather, e.g. biking on safe roads In bad weather a motorcyclist is likely to prefer a drive on the highway to one on a countryroad a description in which pedestrians might prefer public transport to walking at now there are only two descriptions for bicycling: for cases of bad and for good weather DR: user is blind or visually handicapped of any kind; visual effects of the system aren't effectful; effort is high; user tends to use vehicles for locomotion; DR: low position; building is located in a flat area; nearly no effort is needed to get there; DR: user has a broken arm or leg, or is handicapped in any way; effort is high; user tends to use vehicles for locomotion; probably gestures can't be realized; DR: user has the normal time credit on his or her hand; is neither in a rush, nor has lots of time; A navigator who drives his car to get from one point to another DR: The different kinds of cooking styles; i.e.: French, Italian, Austrian, German, Persian... DR: a restaurant has a special style of cooking; for example "Italian", or "French"... A navigator who drives his bike to get from one point to another DR: user is deaf or is hearing is handicapped in some way; sound effects of the system aren't effectful; effort is high; user tends to use vehicles for locomotion; the line or course on which something is moving or is aimed to move or along which something is pointing or facing DR: user has little money (student) and wants to live economically; DR: user has different effort to get to his destination depending on his fitness; effort region: - little effort - normal effort - high effort DR: user has different effort to get to his destination; depending on his fitness; fitness: - fit -> little effort - normal fit -> normal effort - unfit -> high effort DR: user is fit and needs little effort to get to his destination; DR: user is unfit and needs high effort to get to his destination; The physical region of a person's mood, measurable by biometric or prosodic means a parameter whose ground entity is an instance of WeatherRegion the uppermost layer of the atmosphere. On Earth, its lower boundary is estimated at 500 km to 1000 km above the Earth's surface, and its upper boundary at about 10,000 km. DR: The special case of a weekday is a bank holiday; it can be interpreted as every weekday; nevertheless it doesn't matter because the calender tells you which day is meant; DR: tourist visits the city for the first time and has no knowledge base; DR: physical fitness of the user; influences the effort needed to get to destination DR: user has lots of time; it doesn't matter how long the way will take; should be replaced by SmartSumo City finally DR: an area where social agents' personal homes are sited and they can move to places; a description for biking in good weather, e.g. roads through beautiful landscapes In good weather a motorcyclist is likely to prefer a drive on a countryroad to one on a highway a description in which a pedestrian migt like to use a footpath for walking DR: depending on the state of habitation in a city, the user could have previous knowledge; 3 kinds of habitant states: - first-visit-tourist - several-visit-tourist - inhabitant DR: the user is a first-visit tourist and has no knowledge base; DR: the user is a several-visit tourist and has little knowledge; DR: Navigator is an inhabitant of the city and therefore has a big knowledge base; DR: user has a knowledge base property with the region: - no knowledge base - little knowledge base - big knowledge base DR: the region for the knowledge base quality with the region: - no knowledge - little knowledge - big knowledge DR: user has a liquidity property with the region: - poor - economical - rich DR: the region of the liquidity quality: - poor - economical - rich A description, in which locomotion with respect to weather is considered the role of the navigator(a person who moves from one spatial point to another) in a description DR: middle position; like on a small hill; some effort is needed; DR: the agent is using a motorised scooter for transportation ; One of the private TransportationDevices. A 2-wheeled automotive vehicle having one or two saddles and more than 50 ccm at now there are only two descriptions for motorcycling: for cases of bad and for good weather A navigator who drives his motorbike to get from one point to another DR: Motorised private vehicles that can be used for transportation; DR: the agent is using a motorised wheelchair for transportation; Possible directions of movement such as back-forth, left-right etc. DR: the motion is supported by a private non-motorised vehicle; DR: Non-motorised private vehicles that can be used for transportation; DR: Public buildings have opening days, which can be classified by a weekday region. the region of outside temperature, measurable by means of SmartSUMO_rdfs_:TemperatureMeasure A navigator who walks from one point to another or uses public transport DR: user has nearly no money (child or pupil) and doesn't want to spend any; Transportation Devices, which are used privately by the Navigator DR: profession of the navigator; liquidity depends on profession A Transportation Device, which the Navigator doesn't propel himself and for which fare costs incur DR: private transportation device; depends on good road condition DR: The agent himself decides to move; The agent moves himself or moves by a transportation device; DR: the agent moves from a start point to his destination by the help of a transportation device; DR: tourist has already visited the city for at least one time and therefore has a (small) knowledge base; DR: a sightseeing object as a public building; for example: the Heidelberger Schloß; DR: private transportation device; depends on good road condition the state of a person's emotions TODO: In SmartSumo: Attribute there is also an Emotional State which is used in another context a thoroughfare especially in a city, town, or village that is wider than an alley or lane and that usually includes sidewalks one of the four seasons; duration: 21st June - 22nd September the time, which is spent for getting from one point to another DR: high position; like on a big hill or a mountain; high effort is needed; DR: user is a tourist and the knowledge base is realized by 2 cases: - first visit of the city -> no knowledge base - several visits -> knowledge base existent a square is a physical place that can be found in a city: instances are e.g. Alexanderplatz a construction created by multiple transportation devices moving along landtransitways DR: user of the system; has different properties influencing the proposals of the navigation system; at now there are only two descriptions for walking: for cases of bad and for good weather DR: user needs a wheelchair or is handicapped in walking in some way; effort is high; user tends to use vehicles for locomotion; the state of the atmosphere with respect to wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness DR: A week consists of several days; a special weekday is a bank holiday for it can take the value of every weekday; road obstruction through water DR: or snow DR: private transportation device; depends on good road condition; depends on accessability of buildings one of the four seasons; duration: 21st December - 20th March the process of driving in a closed vehicle is preferable when it is raining The emotional state depends on the expenditures involved, e.g. costs, physical exertion ... Relation to connect between Road and the SpatialRelation Direction The description of Locomoting can be realized by different situations connection between property (or quality see Readme) and quale of emotional state a Road always passes some visible landmarks, e.g. known cities, castles, ... Temporary relation (highly experimental) country roads are only suitable for motorbiking, if it is not raining or storming the process of motorbiking is preferable when it is sunny or cloudy Relation to connect between Road and its quality RoadCondition connection between quality and quale of particular road conditions the Road is used by people in self-propelled vehicles, these users we call Navigators something that uses the Roadway, e.g. the process of motion usually needs a roadway a Road always goes through various points, e.g. cities, states, ... something which needs a transportation device, e.g. for transportation a transportation device is needed the preference a navigator has while walking, in this case sunny de en The relation between information objects and entities they are about. The difference with 'expresses' is that the last requires a situation to be about something. E.g. Dante's Comedy is about facts like Dante�s travel to the hereafter. The Comedy expresses a script as well as various related meanings, while the facts talked about are not 'expressed'. Given that descriptions are expressed by at least one IO, and that interpretations of IOs requires conceiving a description, and the (plausible) claim that being about something can only be done in context, i.e. within a situation, we can propose that the conceived description is satisfied by the situation (the context) of the entity the IO is about: About(x,y,t) ? ?d,s. Description(d) ? Expresses(x,d,t) ? Situation(s) ? SettingFor(s,y) ? SAT(s,d) On this basis, about would result to be a mediated relation. This is still a proposal, then we keep about here as a primitive for some time. Subproperty of REFERENCES Inverse of ABOUT Figures are not dependent on roles defined or used in the same descriptions they are defined or used, but they can act because they depute some powers to some of those roles. In other words, a figure selected by some agentive role can play that role because there are other roles in the descriptions that define or use the figure. Those roles select endurants that result to act for the figure: DeputedBy(r,f) ? Role(r) ? Figure(f) ? ?d. Description(d) ? Uses(d,r) ? Uses(d,f) DeputedBy(r,f) ? ?r1. Role(r1) ? Selects(r1,f) ActsFor(e,f) ? ?r. Role(r) ? DeputedBy(r,f) ? Selects(r,e) For example, an employee acts for an organization that deputes the role (e.g. turner) that classifies the employee. Simply put, a guy working as a turner at FIAT acts for (or on behalf of) FIAT. In complex figures, like organizations or societies, a total agency is possible when an endurant plays a delegate, or representative role of the figure. Subproperty of MEDIATED-RELATION Subproperty of MODAL-TARGET-OF. Inverse of ATTITUDE-TOWARDS It is the immediate relation between roles or figures, and tasks. It is the descriptive counterpart of the 'participant-in' relation for agentive roles or figures. In other words, it is used to state attitudes, attention or even subjection that an object can have wrt an action or process. Formally, a modality target is a task that sequences a perdurant that has a participant that plays a role bound to that modality target with a certain modality. For example, a person is usually obliged to drive in a way that prevents hurting other persons. Or a person can have the right to express her ideas. Another, more complex example: a BDI application to a certain ordered set of tasks including initial conditions (beliefs), final conditions (desires), and ways to reach goals (intentions). In other words, to move from beliefs to goals is a way of bounding one or more agent(s) to a sequence of actions. Subproperty of MODAL-TARGET. Inverse of ATTITUDE-TARGET-OF C-SAT - like R-SAT - concerns entities that exist in a situation entirely prior to the description. Moreover, it assumes redundant satisfaction. But, differently from P-SAT and R-SAT, no qualified satisfaction is assumed. In fact, C-SAT implies no dependency of a situation on its description. C-SAT typically applies to different views of existing situations, as for regulative descriptions (disclaimer: the situation can be already created by complying to the regulation, e.g executing it as a plan, but in this case there actually exists a plan that has the regulation as part), narratives, symbolic interpretations, etc. Inverse of C-SAT Subproperty of SATISFIED-BY A.K.A. 'selects'. The referencing relation between concepts defined by descriptions, and constituents of situations. It can be understood as a reification of a 'satisfiability' relation holding between elements of theories and elements of models. It has a time index, but this should not be intended as a partial compresence, since the time only refers to a part of the classified particular life or extension. Subproperty of IMMEDIATE-RELATION 'Component' is a proper part with a role (or function) in a system or a context. Roles can be different for the same entity, and the evaluation of them changes according to the kind of entity. For instance, components of endurants can 'play functional roles' in a whole, while components of perdurants are the essential 'episodes' in their whole. As a functional part relation, component is not transitive, because functions depend on intentions and/or designs, and something intentionally essential for a direct whole, can be non-essential for another, indirect whole. Subproperty of PROPER-PART The relation between agents and descriptions. Agents have mental states and produce conceptualizations, here corresponding to 'descriptions'. It has a time index, but this should not be intended as a partial compresence, since the time only refers to a part of the agent's life in which it conceptualizes the description. Preliminarily, conceives is here an immediate (primitive) relation, but other options are under study. The first involves mediating conception through an ontology of mental states and events, while the second is semiotic: since descriptions are expressed by at least one information object, conceiving requires at least one creation/interpretation of an information object, therefore conceives is a 'mediated' relation. Descriptions can d-use (descriptively use) concepts or figures, provided that used ones are defined by some description. Subproperty of TEMPORARY-COMPONENT Descriptions define either concepts or (social) figures. Once defined, they can be d-used by other descriptions. Subproperty of D-USES Typical agentive figures are societies, organizations, and in general all socially constructed persons. Figures are not dependent on roles defined or used in the same descriptions they are defined or used, but they can act because they depute some powers to some of those roles. In other words, a figure selected by some agentive role can play that role because there are other roles in the descriptions that define or use the figure. Those roles select endurants that result to act for the figure. For example, an employee acts for an organization that deputes the role (e.g. turner) that classifies the employee. Simply put, a guy working as a turner at FIAT acts for (or on behalf of) FIAT. In complex figures, like organizations or societies, a total agency is possible when an endurant plays a delegate, or representative role of the figure. A partial order relation that holds between descriptions. It represents the proper part relation between a description and another description featuring the same properties of the former, with at least an additional one. Descriptions can be expanded either by adding other descriptions as parts. Specializing the concepts or figures that are d-used by them is on the contrary a case of 'specialization'. For descriptions, an intention to expand must be present (unless purely formal theories are considered, but even in this case a criterion of relevance is usually active). Subproperty of PROPER-PART A double composition is needed here for linking situations and s-descriptions components, since many possible constituents could be available in the situation. The first one constrains encompasses relation through s-description components, the second one constrains encompasses relation through situation constituents. A relation between information objects that are used as representations (signs) and the content (meaning, conceptualization) they represent, in this ontology content is reified as a 'description'. Information objects are 'systemic' objects created by the system of rules of a semiotic code. For the representation between the physical implementation of information objects (physical representations) and information objects, the 'realized-by' relation is used. Subproperty of REFERENCES A relation for endurants associated by means of two interplaying functional roles. For example, a device like a watch can play a non-agentive role like 'instrumentality', but an instrumentality role could play an agentive role like 'machine' (in a wide sense of agentivity), that is played by some agentive device. Subproperty of MEDIATED-RELATION The relation between agents and information objects. In order to interpret something, an agent should conceive a description that results to be 'expressed by' that information object. Interprets implies that an expressed description is conceived by the agent (i.e., when an agent interprets an IO, it conceives of a description expressed by the IO; of course two agents can conceive of different descriptions, then resulting in different interpretations): Interprets(x,y,t) ? ?d. Description(d) ? Expresses(y,d,t) ? ConceivesOf(x,d,t) Subproperty of IMMEDIATE-RELATION Role-playing endurants are involved in descriptions Subproperty of MEDIATED-RELATION The relation between roles and courses. Modal target subrelations can be seen as 'reifications' of the operators of modal logics. Subproperty of IMMEDIATE-RELATION A task (as any other concept) can be optional within some plan (or any description). In this case, it can be ignored in plan execution without affecting the satisfaction of the plan. Of course, within plans an optional task should be placed in a way that preserves the topology (the connectedness) of the maximal task: in fact, an optional task can appear only as a direct successor to a concurrent task or an any order task. Subproperty of D-USED-BY P-SAT assumes two satisfaction semantics: redundant satisfaction and qualified satisfaction. In order to allow for a correct implementation of the qualified satisfaction, P-SAT requires that the description exists prior to at least some of the entities in the setting of the satisfying situation. Ontologically, it results that P-SAT also implies a specific dependency of the situation on its description. P-SAT typically applies to plans, projects, designs, methods, techniques, game rules, instructions, punishment rules, constitutive descriptions, sanctions, and strategies. A sample P-SAT qualified satisfaction axiom for plans is given in OWL. Subproperty of SATISFIES Inverse of P-SAT The mediated relation between an entity and a parameter through the region at which the entity is localized and that is the value for the parameter. Subproperty of MEDIATED-RELATION Inverse of PARAMETRIZED-BY This is the immediate relation between roles and endurants. A role selects the position (function, use, relevance, ...) of an endurant within a context (s-description). Roles can be ordered, interdependent, at different layers. etc. Subproperty of CLASSIFIES R-SAT assumes redundant satisfaction and qualified satisfaction, but it works out that semantics with entities in the situation that entirely exist prior to the description. This seems paradoxical, since a description hardly motivates what happens if it is not present to any agent involved in things happening. For this reason, we postulate a so-called specific retroactive dependency (SRD), meaning that the creator of the description is willing to attribute the status of a scientific law to that description, despite it could not be present before the situation. R-SAT typically applies to explanations that are considered as well-founded in science (physical, social, or cognitive), reverse engineering, criminal investigation, etc. Consider that the actual validity of the explanation is not addressed by the description, but by external evaluation descriptions. Subproperty of SATISFIES a.k.a. support. A physical representation (p. endurant, p. perdurant, or p. quality) realizes a non-physical object according to a system of rules. The main use of this relation is between information objects and the entities through which information objects are used and interpreted. E.g. a paper copy of the 1861 edition of Dante's Comedy, with Dor��s illustrations, realizes the Comedy (as an information object). There is a sense in which any entity that realizes an IO also realizes an IO about itself. Realizes(x,y,t) ? ?z. About(z,x,t) ? Realizes(x,z,t) For example, a painting realizing information about a woman also realizes information about itself. Of course, the converse of the previous axiom does not hold in general: * About(x,y,t) ? ?z. Realizes(z,x,t) ? About(x,z,t) For example, the information about a woman can be realized by entities different from that woman (as when referring to an absent woman). In other words, an entity (in a semiotic perspective) always realizes two information objects: one about itself, and another about something else. In the non-semiotic cases, the information objects are identical (an entity only realizes information about itself). Therefore entities, once they have a relevance in a society, can have semiotic properties. Even physical artifacts that are not built primarily for communicative purposes � e.g. a chair � can be considered as realizing some IO that expresses a design description, and is about a context (situation) of use, fruition, or just affordance that satisfies the design. Subproperty of REFERENCES Inverse of REFERENCES A relation holding between non-physical objects and entities whatsoever (thus including non-physical objects themselves). An intuition for the references relation could be that a non-physical object adds 'information' to an entity. In fact, non-physical objects depend on a communication setting. In most cases, this is the characteristic relation that provides a (functional) unity criterion to objects, events, etc. For example, cars are objects and not mere aggregates because there is a project, a design, a social value, a functional structure, a personal emotional structure, etc. attached to them. This attachment can be represented by means of 'non-physical objects' that 'reference' cars. The most obvious application is for situations, which do not exist without a description, although they still are extensional entities: a situation without a part is no more the same situation, but a situation is not a mere aggregate, since it has references to a description as its unity criterion. Adding information to an entity can also be thought as an intentional solution to a holistic stance. Defenders of this view -within different frameworks- are Kant, Brentano, Husserl, Gestalt psychologists, Merleau-Ponty ... References is distinguished according to the kinds of non-physical objects and referenced ground entities: referencing between descriptions and situations is called 'SATISFIED-BY', while referencing between description components and situation constituents is called 'CLASSIFIES'. 'EXPRESSES' is bound to information objects and the meaning (description of a conceptualization) in which they are involved. 'REALIZED-BY' is bound to information objects and physical representations that are used to communicate them, etc. 'ABOUT' is bound to information objects and entities whatsoever (aboutness of intentionality). Concepts and figures can be refined by adding components, e.g. an elementary task can become complex, a complex task can increase its complexity, maximal tasks can be composed, etc. Subproperty of PROPERT-PART This is the immediate relation between courses and perdurants. A course can be either atomic, being a simple 'perdurant role', or it can be complex, thus creating an abstract ordering over a temporal or causal sequence of processes or actions. The ontology of plans develops in detail intentional complex courses. Subproperty of CLASSIFIES A situation is a setting for any number of entities. The time and space of a situation are the time and space of the entities in the setting. A situation is an entity that appears in the domain of an ontology only because there is a description whose components can �carve up� a view (setting) on that domain. A situation aims at representing the referent of a �cognitive disposition� towards a world, i.e. the willingness, expectation, desire, belief, etc. to carve up that world in a certain way. Consequently, a situation has to satisfy a description (see below for the ways of defining the satisfies relation), and it has to be the setting for at least one entity from the ground ontology. Specialization as reification of a partial-order relation between social objects. For example, some concepts that are apparently selected by other concepts, e.g. a manager that plays the role of buyer, actually specializes the role buyer. Descriptions are specialized by other descriptions that specialize their concepts or figures. For descriptions, an intention to specialize must be present (unless purely formal theories are considered, but even in this case a criterion of relevance is usually active). Specialization does not imply expansion (proper part) for descriptions. If there exists a concept that is defined by the specialized description, which is not d-used in the specializing one, the second only specializes a part of the the first If there exists a concept that is defined by the specializing description, which is not d-used by the specialized one, the first both specializes and expands the second. Subproperty of IMMEDIATE-RELATION The "selected by" relations holding between regions and parameters. At least one region is supposed to be a value for a parameter. Subproperty of CLASSIFIED-BY AKA C-Description. A non-physical object that is defined by a description s, and whose function is classifying entities from a ground ontology in order to build situations that can satisfy s. A concept that selects (in particular, it 'sequences') perdurants (processes, events, or states), as a component of some s-description. Courses are the descriptive counterpart of perdurants, and, as perdurants have endurants as participatants, they are usually the target of attitudes of some functional role. This relation is named 'modality target of', because it actually reifies at first order a typology of modal relations. A description is a non-physical object, which represents a conceptualization (as a mental object or state), hence generically dependent on some agent, and which is also social, i.e. communicable. Descriptions define or use concepts or figures, and can be satisfied by situations. The typology of descriptions is still preliminary. a.k.a. 'social individual'. Figures are social objects defined or used by descriptions, but differently from concepts, they do not classify entities. Examples of figures are organisations, political geographic objects, sacred symbols, etc. A perceptual structure, from the descriptive viewpoint. In other words, this encodes the conditions by which a configuration, structure, or arrangement is perceived by a cognitive agent. Information objects are social objects. They are realized by some entity. They are ordered (expressed according to) by some system for information encoding. Consequently, they are dependent from an encoding as well as from a concrete realization. They can express a description (the ontological equivalent of a meaning/conceptualization), can be about any entity, and can be interpreted by an agent. From a communication perspective, an information object can play the role of "message". From a semiotic perspective, it playes the role of "expression". A modal description is any part of a description that has a unity criterion consisting in the specification of a modal target (some course), and it can be a right, power, duty, etc. Notice that modal descriptions can appear in conventionalized descriptions as well as in idiosyncratic assessements, narratives, promises, etc. A c-description that selects (in particular, it is 'valued by') regions, as a component of some s-description. Parameters are the descriptive counterpart of regions, and, as regions represent the qualities of perdurants or endurants, they can be requisites for some functional role or course. A parameter has at least one region that is value for it. A description usually requiring a C-SAT satisfaction for a situation. Norms, codes of practice, etc. are examples. A non-social relation(ship): formal, linguistic, etc. It is considered here a theory, because relations are established in order to give an ordering to some reality. Also known as 'functional role'. A concept that classifies (in particular, it is 'played by') endurants, as used in some description. Roles are the descriptive counterpart of endurants, and, as endurants participate in perdurants, they usually have courses as modal targets (see). The typology of roles is still preliminary. A situation is an entity that appears in the domain of an ontology only because there is a description whose components can �carve up� a view (setting) on that domain. A situation has to satisfy a description (see below for ways of defining the satisfies relation), and it has to be setting for at least one entity. In other words, it is the ontological counterpart of settings (situations fron SC, contexts, episodes, states of affairs, structures, configurations, cases, etc.). This results to be a new category in DOLCE, but it could be equivalently modelled as a special complex perdurant defined through its relations to qualities, regions, and endurants. In fact, a perdurant is usually the only mandatory constituent of a setting. Two descriptions of a same situation are possible, otherwise we would result in a solipsistic ontology. The time and space (and possibly other qualities) of a situation are the time and space of the entities in the setting. Examples of Social Descriptions are laws, norms, shares, peace treaties, etc., which are generically dependent on societies. Social descriptions are dependent on a community of agents. A role played by each of two entities at the same time and with the same parameters: e.g. equivalent, neighbor, father. This is used in a wide cultural sense: a theory about something, expressed in a rather systematic way, but not necessarily public (although communicable in principle). An axiomatic theory is not a theory in this sense, although we can expect an axiomatic theory to be the formal representation of a generic theory. A relative time point is defined by an absolutum, i.e. a DOLCE:time-point, and an offset, i.e. a DOLCE:time-interval. Used, e.g. to state that a goal was scored after 82 min. This would be modelled as a relative time point where the absolutum is the start of the match and the offset would be 82. Analytical location holding between non-physical endurants and abstract regions. Sub Property of LOCATION x is ATOMIC-PART of y when x is PART-OF y and x is atomic, i.e. it does not have any PROPERT-PART, e.g. a car-seat would be atomic part of a car (at least when do not model parts of the car-seat!). Sub Property of PART 'Component' is a proper part with a role (or function) in a system or a context. Roles can be different for the same entity, and the evaluation of them changes according to the kind of entity. For instance, components of endurants can 'play functional roles' in a whole, while components of perdurants are the essential 'episodes' in their whole. As a functional part relation, component is not transitive, because functions depend on intentions and/or designs, and something intentionally essential for a direct whole, can be non-essential for another, indirect whole. Sub Property of PART Anytime x is present, x has participant y. In other words, all parts of x have a same participant. In general, we assume that agentive objects are constituted by non-agentive objects: a person is constituted by an organism, a robot is constituted by some machinery, and so on. Among non-agentive physical objects we have for example houses, body organs, pieces of wood, etc.Sub Property of IMMEDIATE-RELATION Dependence of an entity x on an entity y might be defined as follows: x depends on y iff, necessarily, y is present whenever x is present. Inverse property to DEPENDS-ON Analytical indirect location holding between non-physical endurants and space regions. Sub Property of EXACT-LOCATION Specific dependence of endurants on non-physical endurants. Sub Property of DEPENDS-ON Sub Property of TEMPORAL-LOCATION. For modelling in SmartSUMO please use HAPPENS-AT for Perdurants and PRESENT-AT for Endurants. Analytical indirect location holding between endurants and temporal regions. Sub Property of EXACT-LOCATION A location relation bounded to regions and defined analytically through the composition of inherence and q-location. This is the analytical version of 'generic location'. Sub Property of GENERIC-LOCATION The most generic mediated (indirect) location relation. This is meant to support naive localization, between any kinds of entities. Generic location is primarily branched into 'exact' location, ranging on regions, and 'approximate' location, ranging on non-regions. Sub Property of MEDIATED-RELATION Perdurant presence (happening) is axiomatized as being temporally located at a point in one's life. Inverse property to TIME-OF-HAPPENING-OF. Sub Property of MEDIATED-RELATION Added for SmartWeb modelling needs 2005/02/09: Has been introduced instead of Entity.name -> literal in order to capture first,middle,last,nicknames and so on. Being CONSTITUTED-BY a countable collection, for example: member of a society, bacterium in a colony, etc. Inverse property to MEMBER-OF. Sub Property of CONSTITUTED-BY We distinguish between a quality (e.g., the color of a specific rose), and its �value� (e.g., a particular shade of red). The latter is called quale, and describes the position of an individual quality within a certain quality space. So when we say that two roses have (exactly) the same color, we mean that their color qualities, which are distinct, have the same position in the color space, that is they have the same color quale. Inverse property to QUALE-OF. Sub Property of Q-LOCATION Qualities can be seen as the basic entities we can perceive or measure: shapes, colors, sizes, sounds, smells, as well as weights, lengths, electrical charges� �Quality� is often used as a synonymous of �property�, but this is not the case in DOLCE: qualities are particulars, properties are universals. Qualities inhere to entities: every entity (including qualities themselves) comes with certain qualities, which exist as long as the entity exists. Within a certain ontology, we assume that these qualities belong to a finite set of quality types (like color, size, smell, etc.), and are characteristic for (inhere in) specific individuals: no two particulars can have the same quality, and each quality is specifically constantly dependent on the entity it inheres in: at any time, a quality can�t be present unless the entity it inheres in is also present. Inverse property to INHERENT-IN The immediate relation holding for features and entities. Sub Property of IMMEDIATE-RELATION A relation btw an individual of a concept and the identifier of that concept. The identifier is a concrete data type, usually non-meaningful from the lexical viewpoint. Useful to map many database relationships. Sub Property of EXTRINSIC-RELATION A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation. Sub Property of CONCEPTUAL-RELATION The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities. Inverse property to HAS-QUALITY. Sub Property of IMMEDIATE-RELATION The duration of a time-interval (called length because there already is a DOLCE:duration with other semantics). The value given for this slot should be an integer interpreted as minutes. A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation. Sub Property of CONCEPTUAL-RELATION A special type of temporal region. A relative time point is defined by an absolutum, i.e. a DOLCE:time-point, and an offset, i.e. a DOLCE:time-interval. Used, e.g. to state that a goal was scored after 82 min. This would be modelled as a relative time point where the absolutum is the start of the match and the offset would be 82. The value given for this slot should be an integer interpreted as minutes. Mereological overlap: having a common part. Sub Property of MEDIATED-RELATION Analytical indirect location holding between perdurants and space regions. Sub Property of EXACT-LOCATION The most generic part relation, reflexive, asymmetric, and transitive. Sub Property of IMMEDIATE-RELATION The immediate relation holding between endurants and perdurants. Sub Property of IMMEDIATE-RELATION Analytical location holding between physical endurants and physical regions. Sub Property of LOCATION Specific dependence of non-physical on physical endurants. Sub Property of DEPENDS-ON Presence is axiomatized as being temporally located in a part of one's life. Inverse property to TIME-OF-PRESENCE-OF. Sub Property of MEDIATED-RELATION. Use PRESENT-AT for Endurants and HAPPENS-AT for Endurants. The proper part Property is the irreflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive version of the PART Property. Sub Property of MEDIATED-RELATION QUALITY-LOCATION. The immediate relation holding for qualities and regions. See 'generic location' branching for the various mediated relations that embed q-location. Sub Property of IMMEDIATE-RELATION Presence of a physical quality when inheres in an endurant. Inverse property to TIME-OF-Q-PRESENCE-OF. Sub Property of MEDIATED-RELATION Inverse property to HAS-QUALE A relation for representing regions within other regions, e.g. in measurement spaces (space composition). The result of r-location composition is a new 'composed region', which can either preserve the same region type (e.g. physical+physical->physical, or physical+abstract->physical), or not (e.g. physical+abstract->abstract). See 'composition description' for more details. In some cases, space composition is conventional, i.e. a space is just 'located' at another space, as in the case of measurement spaces: (direct composition): r r-location r1 In other cases, r-location implies a complex path, e.g. : (homogeneous composition): r q-location-of q inherent-in x has-quality q1 q-location r1 (heterogeneous composition across endurants and perdurants): r q-location-of q inherent-in e participant-in p has-quality q1 q-location r1 (heterogeneous composition across physical and non-physical endurants): r q-location-of q inherent-in pe specific-constant-dependent npe has-quality q1 q-location r1 SUBPROPERTY-OF IMMEDIATE-RELATION Mereological sibling: having a common whole. For example: Table-Legs. Sub Property of MEDIATED-RELATION Analytical location holding between physical endurants and spatial regions. Sub Property of PHYSICAL-LOCATION. Analytical location holding between perdurants and temporal regions. Sub Property of LOCATION. For modelling in SmartSUMO please use HAPPENS-AT for Perdurants and PRESENT-AT for Endurants. Temporary version of ATOMIC-PART. Sub Property of ATOMIC-PART Being component at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model components that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole. Sub Property of TEMPORARY-PART Being part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole. In FOL, this is expressed as a ternary relation, but in DLs we only can reason with binary relations, then only the necessary axiom of compresence is represented here. Being proper part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model proper parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole. For at least some time when y is present, x participates in y. Sub Property of PARTICIPANT x participates in all y's parts. Inverse property to TOTAL-PARTICIPANT Further Information: see Quality Example for Abstract Quality: "the value of an asset" Further information: see Abstract Example for Abstract Region: "the (conventional) value of 1 Euro" A strictly agentive object carrying out some function. Within Physical objects, a special place have those to which we ascribe intentions, beliefs, and desires. These are called Agentive, as opposite to Non-agentive. Intentionality is understood here as the capability of heading for/dealing with objects or states of the world. This is an important area of ontological investigation we haven't properly explored yet, so our suggestions are really very preliminary. In general, we assume that agentive objects are constituted by non-agentive objects: a person is constituted by an organism, a robot is constituted by some machinery, and so on. Among non-agentive physical objects we have for example houses, body organs, pieces of wood, etc. Agentivity here means that agentive physical object *can* play an Agentive-Functional-Role, not that they *must* do it, then there is no existential axiom. Examples of Agentive Social Objects are social agents like �the president of United States�: we may think that the latter, besides depending generically on a community of US citizens, depends also generically on �George Bush qua legal person� (since the president can be substituted), which in turn depends specifically on �George Bush qua human being�. The common trait of amounts of matter is that they are endurants with no unity (according to Gangemi et a. 2001 none of them is an essential whole). Amounts of matter - 'stuffs' referred to by mass nouns like 'gold', 'iron', 'wood', 'sand', 'meat', etc. - are mereologically invariant, in the sense that they change their identity when they change some parts. An Artifact is a non-physical endurant. For example a "device", an "equipment", a "construction", ... When two roses have (exactly) the same color, we mean that their color qualities, which are distinct, have the same position in the color space, that is they have the same color quale. A thing constructed; a complex construction or entity. For example a building or "she wore her hair in an amazing construction of whirls and ribbons" Added for SmartWeb modelling needs 2005/02/09: Has been introduced instead of Entity.name -> literal in order to capture first,middle,last,nicknames and so on. Dependent places are regions like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree, which are not parts of their host. An instrumentality invented for a particular purpose. Please use this concept instead of smartsumo:Device! The main characteristic of endurants is that all of them are independent essential wholes. There are two main approaches that deal with the notion of change, viz. endurantism (also called 3D paradigm) and perdurantism (also called 4D paradigm). That raises the problem of variation in time and the related issue of the identity of the objects of experience. The principles of perdurantism are: Particulars exist in a manifold of 4 dimensions, three space and one time. So things in the past and future exist as well as things in the present. The four dimensionalist extent is viewed from outside time rather than in the present. Particulars extend in time as well as space and have both spatial and temporal parts. When two individuals have the same spatio-temporal extent they are the same thing. However this principle is not always insisted on. The object over its whole life is the object of primary interest. Thus a 4D entity (usually called perdurant, occurrence or simply process) is not wholly present at a point in time, but its whole is extended in space as well as time. The entity at a point in time is a temporal part of the whole. Change is naturally expressed through a 4 dimensional classical mereology. A 3D ontology treats physical objects as 3D objects (sometimes called endurants or continuants) that pass through time. The principles of the 3D paradigm are: Physical objects are 3-dimensional objects that pass through time and are wholly present at each point in time. Physical objects are viewed from the present. The default is that statements are true now. Physical objects do not have temporal parts. Different physical objects may be co-located. The object-at-a-point-in-time is the object of primary interest. To talk about an object at different times it is necessary to time index statements in some way. A 3D ontology also has 4D entities in it. These cover activities, such as transactions which clearly have temporal parts, viz. their atomic operations. The 3D approach corresponds well with the way that language works. Language has a focus around here, now, you and me as a context, and on the current state of affairs. This leads to efficient communication under the most common circumstances. An instrumentality needed for an undertaking or to perform a service Features are 'parasitic entities', that exist insofar their host exists. Typical examples of features are holes, bumps, boundaries, or spots of color. Features may be relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge, or dependent regions like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree, which are not parts of their host. All features are essential wholes, but no common unity criterion may exist for all of them. However, typical features have a topological unity, as they are singular entities. An artifact (or system of artifacts) that is instrumental in accomplishing some end AKA "internal description". Mental objects are dependent on an intentional agent. This class is just a pointer to a complex ontology of mental entities that is currently under development. Within Physical objects, a special place have those those to which we ascribe intentions, beliefs, and desires. These are called Agentive, as opposite to Non-agentive. Intentionality is understood here as the capability of heading for/dealing with objects or states of the world. This is an important area of ontological investigation we haven't properly explored yet, so our suggestions are really very preliminary. A possible modelling of case roles has been started within the descriptions plugin that could be embedded within basic DOLCE. In general, we assume that agentive objects are constituted by non-agentive objects: a person is constituted by an organism, a robot is constituted by some machinery, and so on. Among non-agentive physical objects we have for example houses, body organs, pieces of wood, etc. A Non-Agentive-Social-Object is for Example: a law, an economic system, a currency, an asset An endurant with no mass, generically constantly depending on some intentional agent. Formerly known as description. A unitary endurant with no mass (non-physical), generically constantly depending on some intentional agent, on some communication act, and indirectly on some agent participating in that act. Either descriptions (in the current sense), and concepts are non-physical objects. AKA locative role. This is a role (e.g. closed area) or a figure (e.g. Italy) for places. Non-physical places physically depend on physical objects (in locational cases, physical places). A living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently The persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something Perdurants (AKA occurrences) comprise what are variously called events, processes, phenomena, activities and states. They can have temporal parts or spatial parts. For instance, the first movement of (an execution of) a symphony is a temporal part of it. On the other side, the play performed by the left side of the orchestra is a spatial part. In both cases, these parts are occurrences themselves. We assume that objects cannot be parts of occurrences, but rather they participate in them. Perdurants extend in time by accumulating different temporal parts, so that, at any time they are present, they are only partially present, in the sense that some of their proper temporal parts (e.g., their previous or future phases) may be not present. E.g., the piece of paper you are reading now is wholly present, while some temporal parts of your reading are not present any more. Philosophers say that endurants are entities that are in time, while lacking however temporal parts (so to speak, all their parts flow with them in time). Perdurants, on the other hand, are entities that happen in time, and can have temporal parts (all their parts are fixed in time). Physical endurants have a clear spatial location, while their temporal location comes indirectly from the that of the perdurants they participate in. The main characteristic of physical objects is that they are endurants with unity. However, they have no common unity criterion, since different subtypes of objects may have different unity criteria. Differently from aggregates, (most) physical objects change some of their parts while keeping their identity, they can have therefore temporary parts. Often physical objects (indeed, all endurants) are ontologically independent from occurrences (discussed below). However, if we admit that every object has a life, it is hard to exclude a mutual specific constant dependence between the two. Nevertheless, we may still use the notion of dependence to (weakly) characterize objects as being not specifically constantly dependent on other objects. A region at which only physical qualities can be directly located. It assumes some metrics for physical properties. Qualities can be seen as the basic entities we can perceive or measure: shapes, colors, sizes, sounds, smells, as well as weights, lengths, electrical charges� �Quality� is often used as a synonymous of �property�, but this is not the case in DOLCE: qualities are particulars, properties are universals. Qualities inhere to entities: every entity (including qualities themselves) comes with certain qualities, which exist as long as the entity exists. Within a certain ontology, we assume that these qualities belong to a finite set of quality types (like color, size, smell, etc.), and are characteristic for (inhere in) specific individuals: no two particulars can have the same quality, and each quality is specifically constantly dependent on the entity it inheres in: at any time, a quality can�t be present unless the entity it inheres in is also present. We distinguish between a quality (e.g., the color of a specific rose), and its value (e.g., a particular shade of red). The latter is called quale, and describes the position of an individual quality within a certain conceptual space (called here quality space) Gardenfors (2000). So when we say that two roses have (exactly) the same color, we mean that their color qualities, which are distinct, have the same position in the color space, that is they have the same color quale. Features may be relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge. A group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used Social agents are not constituted by agentive physical objects (although they depend on them), while they can constitute societies, like the CNR, Mercedes-Benz, etc. Examples of Non-Agentive Social Objects are laws, norms, shares, peace treaties ecc., which are generically dependent on societies. A catch-all class for entities from the social world. It includes agentive roles, non-agentive roles created by a community, social descriptions, and social figures. It could be equivalent to 'non-physical object', but we leave open the possibility of 'private' non-physical objects. A definite social figure that is constructed by other previously existing persons (socially constructed or naturally born). A person in general is not characterized in this ontology. In a legal extension, it could be reasonable to create a class of legal persons, defined by legal constitutive descriptions, which includes the legal figures related to both natural and socially-constructed persons. In our ontology, space and time locations are considered as individual qualities like colors, weights, etc. Their corresponding qualia are called spatial (temporal) regions. For example, the spatial location of a physical object belongs to the quality type space, and its quale is a region in the geometric space. The temporal location of an occurrence, whose quale is a region in the temporal space. E.g. the duration of World War I, the starting time of the 2000 Olympics A region at which only temporal qualities can be directly located. It assumes a metrics for time. time-intervals can be defined in two ways: 1) use BEGINS and ENDS which reference time-points. 2) Provide LENGTH in seconds A time-point is defined by YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND which are all simple string attributes. Furthermore, a CALENDAR can be specificied as string as wel. A special type of temporal region. A relative time point is defined by an absolutum, i.e. a DOLCE:time-point, and an offset, i.e. a DOLCE:time-interval. Used, e.g. to state that a goal was scored after 82 min. This would be modelled as a relative time point where the absolutum is the start of the match and the offset would be 82*60 (the OFFSET must be given in seconds). A collection of physical objects that is characterized by a conventional or emergent property. A refined ContentAnnotation. Relevance is not given explicitely but by specifying the degree the DomainInstance is featured in the MediaInstance and the degree of other concepts featured in the MediaInstance. Used for linking instances of the SmartWeb domain ontologies to multimedia objects whose properties are described in the media ontology. Deals with SmartWeb answers. Answers consist of media content and a confidence that denotes the confidence that the media content matches the query variable. Source denotes the component that answered the query (QA, Onto, ...). Superclass for MultimediaContent and Segment, only used for ContentAnnotation. Shortcut to supply text content directly without the need of specifying an URL. The degree the parts of the domain instance are shown. For example, in case the MediaInstance is a picture of a football team that includes the player DomainInstance points to, this should be 1.0. The degree the MediaInstance features domain instances other than the DomainInstance we are pointing to. For example, for a picture of a football team (along with spectators in the background) which includes player DomainInstance points to, this should be about 0.05. The strength of relation between the DomainInstance and MediaInstance. For example, for a picture showing a football player X (completely and exclusively) and DomainInstance representing X, this should be 1.0. For more complex relevance expressions, subclasses may introduce additional slots whose values can be used to compute an overall relevance. ABSA Onto QA SD caption footnote paragraph snippet This relation supports the representation of conceptual regions by information objects. It is defined as a composed relation: an information object is expressed according to an information encoding description that maps a quality space. In other words, this means that a representation of conceptual regions within quality spaces requires an explicit conceptualization of the dimensions operating in the quality space. In still other words, a quality space can be mapped to a theory, which can be reified as a special kind of 'information encoding description'. Inverse to REFERS-TO Referring to something is assumed here under a 'negotiated reference' approach, i.e. agents refer to entities by conceiving a description appropriate to context. An information encoding system that provides rules for (ev. ordered) lists of information objects, e.g terminologies, subjects, knowledge domains. An information encoding system that provides roles and operations to create valid information objects (e.g. grammars, templates, codes). A code that orders the generation of information objects according to formally defined vocabulary, axioms, rules, etc. A set of rules for the generation of a (closed or open set of) information objects. An information encoding system is a description that involves information objects. They can be divided into 1) axiomatic systems, which provide roles and operations to define formal descriptions (e.g. theories), 2) combinatorial systems, which provide roles and operations to create valid information objects (e.g. grammars), 3) classification systems, which are contexts of (ev. ordered) lists of information objects, and 4) informal encoding systems, which provide roles and operations to define informal descriptions (e.g. narratives). An information object ordered by (encoded according to) a language. A description expressed by a text, and ordered by additional semiotic codes (narratological structures). A part of a word that is assumed to be sensible to speakers when physically realized by voice. A phoneme is not necessarily able to express a meaning (description), although it can in principle (e.g. 'a' in English). Any physical particular that realizes a non-physical endurant. Such physical particulars can be either physical endurants, physical qualities, physical regions, perdurants with at least one physical participant, or a situation with one physical entity in its setting. Ultimately, a physical realization depends on at least one physical endurant (each of the others physical entity types depend on a physical endurant to be considered as such). A complex linguistic object, expressed according to a language and still independent from a particular physical support. A linguistic object consisting of a string (independently of its physical realization). Its topological unity can change according to its physical realization: as a written realization, its boundaries are blank spaces, as a spoken realization, sometimes is silence, sometimes not, and higher order features intervene. The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the Class. Something that people do or cause to happen. Source: SportEvent The place where a person or organization can be found or communicated with. A natural-person can have an age. Example: smartdolce:natural-person -> smartdolce:PRESENT-AT -> smartsumo:Age -> YEARS -> 30 A GroupOfPeople whose members all have the same age. Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the atmosphere surrounding Earth. A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity. A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue. Any BodyMotion which is accomplished by means of the legs of an Animal for the purpose of moving from one point to another. Deprecated since 20050905. Now in navonto A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned Vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the Amphibian breathes with Lungs. A normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an Organism. This class covers BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. The value of an angle in a plane or in a solid. Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is alive or not. An Organism with eukaryotic Cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by Animals. BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by Animals. BinaryRelation ?REL is an AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an AntisymmetricRelation to be a ReflexiveRelation. Various Primates with no tails or only short tails. The Class of Mammals that dwell chiefly in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses. A Class of Arthropods that includes ticks and spiders. Any proposition which has the form of a deductive or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply a conclusion. Artifacts that are created primarily for aesthetic appreciation. Note that this Class does not include most examples of architecture, which belong under StationaryArtifact. A Class of Invertebrate that includes Arachnids and Insects. Asexual Processes of biological reproduction. A BinaryFunction is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the Function. More precisely, a Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. The Class of all astronomical objects of significant size. It includes SelfConnectedObjects like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as Collections like nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth is an AstronomicalBody, but every Region of Earth is a GeographicArea. A BinaryRelation is asymmetric only if it is both an AntisymmetricRelation and an IrreflexiveRelation. An extremely small unit of matter that retains its identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus. The core of the Atom. It is composed of Protons and Neutrons. A Process where one Object becomes attached to another Object. Note that this differs from Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that Combining is different from Attaching in that the former applies to Substances, while the latter applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Attaching is different from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined. A Device whose purpose is to attach one thing to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc. A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the agent attempts to inflict damage on the patient. Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of Object. The class of PhysiologicProcesses of which there is not conscious awareness and control. A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic Microorganism. A ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of Contest. A GroupOfPeople whose members share a belief or set of beliefs. A FinancialTransaction where an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of Game. The Class of Functions that require two arguments. Elements from the number system with base 2. Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0. A Predicate relating two items - its valence is two. BinaryRelations are relations that are true only of pairs of things. BinaryRelations are represented as slots in frame systems. Attributes that apply specifically to instances of Organism. A Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an Organism. This Class includes Substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This Class also includes Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically. Finally, BiologicallyActiveSubstance includes Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special handling because of their toxicity. A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers. A fluid present in Animals that transports Nutrients to and waste products away from various BodyParts. Any BodyPart which contains an unfilled space, e.g. BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc. Any BodyPart which is a covering of another BodyPart or of an entire Organism. This would include the rinds of FruitOrVegetables and the skins of Animals. The place where two BodyParts meet or connect. Any Motion where the agent is an Organism and the patient is a BodyPart. A collection of Cells and Tissues which are localized to a specific area of an Organism and which are not pathological. The instances of this Class range from gross structures to small components of complex Organs. The class of Attributes expressing configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc. Extracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by an Organism. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, and gastric acid. Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in an Organism and through which a BodySubstance can circulate. The Class of Processes where an Object is heated and converted from a Liquid to a Gas. Rigid Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up the skeleton of Vertebrates. Note that this Class also includes teeth. The subclass of Getting Processes where the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). The Process of respiration, by which oxygen is made available to an Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, exhalation, and alternations between the two. The Class of StationaryArtifacts which are intended to house Humans and their activities. A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical. One Byte of information. A Byte is eight Bits. smartsumo:Country. The country code, e.g. "DE" for Germany, now has to be modelled as follows: Address -> hasCountry -> Country -> hasDenomination -> Denomination -> abbreviation Property on a smartsumo:Address derived from the t-info service's result type, i.e. the AddressProperties schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl. Is defined as an enumeration of strings: "AT","BE","CH","CZ","DE","DK","ES","FI","FR","GB","IE","IS","IT", "LI","LU","NL","NO","PL","PT","SE","SK"]]> IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of Quantity. The Class of Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles. An element of living cells and a source of energy for Animals. This class includes both simple Carbohydrates, i.e. sugars, and complex Carbohydrates, i.e. starches. (CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of members in the ?CLASS Collection. The Class of flesh-eating Mammals. Members of this Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks. Transfer from one point to another by means of an Animal or Human. The Class of Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a Process. CaseRoles include, for example, the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain. (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest Integer greater than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. The fundamental structural and functional unit of living Organisms. A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 CelsiusDegrees. Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a Meter The Class of Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another. The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which a CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products. A ChemicalProcess occurs whenever chemical compounds (CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical reaction takes place. Catalysts in a ChemicalProcess may speed up the reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which a CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants. Classes differ from Sets in three important respects. First, Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, Classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the Class. So, for example, the condition `human' determines the Class of Humans. Note that some Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the Class of Abstract things is Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain duplicate instances. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that Classifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label or category. Any TwoDimensionalFigure which has a well defined interior and exterior. Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other materials that are used to cover the bodies of Humans. Any GasMixture that is visible, e.g. Smoke produced by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky. Vertebrates whose body temperature is not internally regulated. The Class of Attributes relating to the color of Objects. The subclass of SurfaceChange where a ColorAttribute of the patient is altered. A Process where two or more SelfConnectedObjects are incorporated into a single SelfConnectedObject. Note that Combining is different from Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects being part of the other, while Attaching only results in the two objects being connected with one another. Note too that Combining is different from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined. The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which an Object reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all Processes in which something is burning. An Agent that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit. Any FinancialTransaction by a CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit. Instances of this Class commit the agent to some future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm. A SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two or more CognitiveAgents. Note that Communication is closely related to, but essentially different from, ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation or modification of a ContentBearingObject, while Communication is the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message. A BinaryFunction is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more Entities. The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C. A Number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1. The Class of Substances that contain two or more elements (ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). A set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer. The Class of Processes where an Object is cooled and converted from a Gas to a Liquid. A condition or state at a particular time. Source: SportEvent The Class of Keeping Processes where the patient is a Human or an Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc. Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of an Organism. A PhysicalQuantity with a constant value Source: SportEvent The subclass of Making in which a StationaryArtifact is built. A subclass of IntentionalProcess in which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew. A SocialInteraction where the agent and patient are CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment. A Class containing Attributes that are specific to participants in a Contest. In particular, these Attributes indicate the position of one of the agents in the Contest with respect to other agent(s) in the Contest. Some examples of these Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, etc. One of the seven largest land masses on earth, viz. Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Note that this naming scheme is the one used in the CIA World Factbook. Functions which are continuous. This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised. The activity of managing or exerting control over something. Source: SportEvent The Making of an instance of Food. Note that this can cover any preparation of Food, e.g. making a salad, cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application of heat. Any Decreasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity decreased is a TemperatureMeasure. The subclass of SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal. An Organization that has a special legal status that allows a group of persons to act as a CommercialAgent and that insulates the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the corporation's operation. (CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. Enumerating something. The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the Number corresponding to the patient. The Class of Putting processes where the agent covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something else. The subclass of Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the result CaseRole. A Class of Arthropods that mainly dwells in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Pint. Includes all standard measures of monetary value, including UnitedStatesDollar, UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc. The subclass of Poking Processes which involve a sharp instrument. The Class of Processes where the agent brings about a situation where the patient no longer functions normally or as intended. The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities that are open to him/her. The Class of LinguisticCommunications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating. Converting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers. Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is decreased. An Argument which has the form of a deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of premises entails the conclusion. A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the agent attempts to avoid being damaged. Exhibiting something or a range of things before the public in a particular location. This would cover software demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum exhibitions, etc. (DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the denominator of the canonical reduced form of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition. The spatial analogue of Planning. Designing a Collection of Objects involves determining a placement of the Objects with respect to one another and perhaps other Objects as well, in order to satisfy a particular purpose. The subclass of Damagings in which the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed. Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent. A Process where the agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that Detaching is different from Separating in that the latter applies to Substances, while the former applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Detaching is different from Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or may not be moved from the location where they were attached. Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an Organism. A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an instrument in a specific subclass of Process. Deprecated since 050905. User smartdolce:device instead A Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome. The Process by which Food that has been ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the Organism. Instances of this Class urge some further action among the receivers. A Directing can be an Ordering, a Requesting or a Questioning. The act of changing the direction in which the patient of the act is oriented. The subclass of PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions. Finding something that was sought. Note that this class is restricted to cases of discovering something Physical. For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class Learning should be used. A BiologicalAttribute which qualifies something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity of an Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the host's systems, parts, or Organs. Any Communication that involves a single agent and many destinations. This covers the release of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc. A measure of the gap between two places. Source: SportEvent The Process by which liquid Food, i.e. Beverages, are incorporated into an Animal. Controlling the direction and/or speed of a Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc. The Class of Processes where a Liquid is removed from an Object. Any Process that requires two, nonidentical patients. The Process by which solid Food is incorporated into an Animal. A EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities. Any Process which is intended to result in Learning. The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody of an Animal. This includes Bird and Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian ova. Election is the class of events conducted by an organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt resolutions, or settle other issues in that Organization. SubatomicParticles that surround the AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge. The Class of PureSubstances that cannot be separated into two or more Substances by ordinary chemical (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. ElementalSubstances are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). ElementalSubstances are the simplest PureSubstances. The Class of Attributes that denote emotional states of Organisms. Converting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message. A fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an element of a Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity. An EngineeringConnection is an EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, to provide for modular regularity in component systems, EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with several pairs of EngineeringComponents. A BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a ReflexiveRelation, a SymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation. A GroupOfPeople whose members originate from the same GeographicArea or share the same Language and/or cultural practices. A currency measure. 1 EuroCent is equal to .01 EuroDollars. A currency measure of most European Union countries. It is based on the UnitedStatesDollar. An Integer that is evenly divisible by 2. This concept was introduced to catch the different types of events of DTAG's EventService. Game was moved from Contest to here for this purpose. Investigating the truth of a Proposition by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind. An Argument where the conclusion is an observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model of explanation. Instances of this Class express a state of the agent. For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that Expressing, unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of LinguisticCommunication. This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by smiling. A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute. Artifacts that are created by weaving together natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of Animals. Note that this Class includes articles that are created by stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other hand, Clothing is not a subclass of Fabric, because many clothing items contain elements that are not fabrics. A TemperatureMeasure that is commonly used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 212 FahrenheitDegrees. A GroupOfPeople whose members bear familyRelations to one another. Nonrigid Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells. The Class of Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, slim bodies, and rounded heads. A NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns. An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content. A Transaction where an instance of Currency is exchanged for something else. A cold-blooded aquatic Vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are Fish having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. Also included are those Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish. (FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. A Plant that produces seeds and flowers. This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers. The Class of Processes where an Object is cooled and converted from a Liquid to a Solid. A WaterArea whose Water is not saline, e.g. most rivers and lakes. Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a ripened ReproductiveBody of a Plant. Note that FruitOrVegetable is not a subclass of Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous berries, are not edible. A Function is a term-forming Relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a SetOrClass, and each element of the range is an instance of the SetOrClass. Any instance of Giving where the patient is an instance of Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned to the firm, and instances of UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship. A eukaryotic Organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms. Artifacts that make a room ready for occupancy. Source: SportEvent Property on a smartsumo:Address et al. derived from the DTAG service's result type. A Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game. Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Gas and any component other than Gas in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the Gas. Any Motion where the patient is a Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of Air, e.g. a breeze or wind. A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all instances of the original SetOrClass. A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the merge of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the original SetOrClass. A spot on earth defined by longitude and latitude Its attributes stem from the t-info service's result type, i.e. the GeoPosition schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl The class of activities that are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, and which may affect the biosphere as well. The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class are GeometricPoints, TwoDimensionalFigures or ThreeDimensionalFigures. The class of zero-dimensional GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of GeometricFigures that have position but lack extension in any dimension. Any BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the head, a smile, which is also an instance of Communication. The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole. The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gives the destination something. Any instance of Giving where the agent gives something to the destination which was previously given to the agent by the destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone. (GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the Government of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, (GovernmentFn UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of the United States; (GovernmentFn PuertoRico) denotes the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. GovernmentOrganization is the class of official Organizations that are concerned with the government of a GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a subOrganization of a government. Any instance of Touching which results in a situation where the agent grasps the patient of the Touching. The OrganizationalProcess of graduating from an EducationalOrganization. Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams. Any Group whose members are exclusively Humans. The Process of biological development in which an Organism or part of an Organism changes its form or its size. Any IntentionalProcess where the agent tries to direct the behavior of another Object, whether an Agent or not. Property on a smartsumo:Address derived from the t-info service's result type, i.e. the AddressProperties schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl. Defined as string. Property on a smartsumo:Address derived from the t-info service's result type, i.e. the AddressProperties schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl. Defined as string. The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an auditory Organ. Any Increasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity increased is a TemperatureMeasure. OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an employee of an Organization. A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Includes Humans and relatively recent ancestors of Humans. The Class of quadruped Mammals with hooves. Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc. Any Number that is the result of multiplying a RealNumber by the square root of -1. (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor. Any Touching where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc. The subclass of Transfer where the patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc. Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is increased. An Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is claimed that a set of specific cases makes the conclusion, which generalizes these cases, more likely to be true. Measures of the amount of information. Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and MegaByte. The Process by which Food is taken into an Animal. Inserting a BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an Animal or a Human with a syringe. The process of creating a traumatic wound or injury. Since Injuring is not possible without some biologic function of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess. A Class of small Arthropods that are air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance. (IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER. A Process that has a specific purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it. An IntentionalProcess that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an Organism. Thus, for example, Reasoning is a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other hand, RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because many instances of RecreationOrExercise necessarily have subProcesses of BodyMotion. Any Attribute of an Entity that is an internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc. Processes which involve altering an internal property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location. Any Process of assigning a Proposition to a Text, i.e. understanding the Text. A BinaryRelation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. DeductiveArguments that are not ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion. The class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses where the agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a Proposition denoted by a Formula). Any RealNumber that is not also a RationalNumber. Relation ?REL is irreflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST. The OrganizationalProcess of becoming a member of an Organization. The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to him/her. JudicialOrganization is the class of Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, those associated with sporting associations. Any legal proceeding which is conducted by a JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference between the concepts LegalAction and JudicialProcess. The former refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings where the merits of a LegalAction are decided. The Class of Processes where the agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time. SI TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.15. The subclass of Destruction in which the death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases. One KiloByte (KB) of information. One KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is different from the one accepted in the SI system. Property on a smartsumo:GeoPosition derived from the t-info service's result type, i.e. the AddressProperties schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl. Defined as xsd:long. Property on a smartsumo:GeoPosition derived from the t-info service's result type, i.e. the AddressProperties schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl. Defined as xsd:long. This concept was introduced to capture the informatino of DTAG's Environment service. The instances also stem from a corresponding XML-Schema-Enum The identifier's according to this Enum are encoded in DENOMINATION.abbreviation An area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes. The Class of Processes which relate to the acquisition of information. The OrganizationalProcess of leaving an Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something through a court of law. A decision issued by a court with respect to a LegalAction. Note that a LegalDecision is the act of Declaring a decision of a court; it is not the act of judge or jury Deciding the merits of a particular LegalAction. The subclass of Giving Processes where the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to length. The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to length. Source: SportEvent A Communication that involves the transfer of information via a LinguisticExpression. Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Liquid and any component other than Liquid in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the Liquid. Any Motion where the patient is a Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of Water. Every List is a particular ordered n-tuple of items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, the List is the NullList. A Function that takes a List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the List. For example, (ListLengthFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the value 3. Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l. Machines are Devices that that have a well-defined resource and result and that automatically convert the resource into the result. The Class of Processes where the agent cares for or maintains the Object. The subclass of Creation in which an individual Artifact or a type of Artifact is made. A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat glands. OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred. This is an original SUMO concept. For representing information from DTAG's RouteService we extend it by additional slots. An intentional move or play within a Contest. In many cases, a Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for winning the Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary division of the overarching Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game. The Making of Artifacts on a mass scale. This concept is mainly introduced to handle the maps of the DTAG Web services, i.e., we need it for representing such maps in the ontology. We did not put it under web-service-parameter as it is a rather general concept that might be used for other purposes as well. The Class of Mammals which have a pouch for their young. The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to the amount of matter in an Object. The OrganizationalProcess of joining an EducationalOrganization as a student. The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient. Any Device whose purpose is to measure a PhysicalQuantity. The coming together of two or more CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting. One MegaByte (MB) of information. One MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is different from the one accepted in the SI system. The Class of Processes where an Object is heated and converted from a Solid to a Liquid. Any Corporation which sells goods or services to customers for a profit. A Metal is an ElementalSubstance that conducts heat and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements (ElementalSubstances) are metals. SI LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration. An Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. MilitaryForce is the subclass of Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not the force is an official GovernmentOrganization. Any heavily armed Organization that is part of a Government and that is charged with representing the Government in international conflicts. Any Process that is carried out by a military organization. Note that this class covers Processes, e.g. military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as those which are unscripted. Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral. A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more Atoms linked by a chemical bond. Soft-bodied Invertebrate that is usually contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, octopi, and squid. Various Primates with relatively long tails. A NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little if any vascular tissue. Nonrigid Tissue appearing only in Animals and composed largely of contractile cells. The subclass of RadiatingSound where the sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately. A Device which is manipulated by a Human and whose purpose is to produce Music. A SetOrClass is a MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of the original SetOrClass. A Class of Arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes. The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations). Any Substance that is not the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally. A RealNumber that is less than zero. Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no charge. A Plant that reproduces with spores and does not produce flowers. Any SetOrClass that contains at least one instance. An Integer that is greater than or equal to zero. A RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero. A Class containing all of the Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that something ought or ought not to be the case. A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber. (NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER. A BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an Organism. It is generally ingested as Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the Organism. The Class of NormativeAttributes that are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable. An Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2. The subclass of Committing in which a CognitiveAgent offers something Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a Transaction of some sort). The class of GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines. The Class of UnaryFunctions which are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y). The class of TwoDimensionalFigures that are not ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures. A Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee. A somewhat independent BodyPart that performs a specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system. A PhysiologicProcess of a particular Organ or Tissue. A physiologic function of the Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple Organs or Tissues. An IntentionalProcess that involves an Organization. English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a Cup. Property on a smartsumo:Address derived from the t-info service's result type, i.e. the AddressProperties schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl. Defined as string. A SetOrClass is a PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the SetOrClass is either equal to or disjoint from every other instance of the SetOrClass. An Organization which is much like a MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it is not associated with a Government. A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering if it is a ReflexiveRelation, an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation. A Relation is a PartialValuedRelation just in case it is not a TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a Relation is both a PartialValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial function. A disordered process, activity, or state of the Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple Organs or Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects. Sensing some aspect of the material world. Note that the agent of this sensing is assumed to be an Animal. The segment of time into which a game is divided; a regulation game consists of two 45-minutes halves. Source: SportEvent A Residence where people live, i.e. where people have a home. A measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world. Source: SportEvent The physical state of an Object. There are three reified instances of this Class: Solid, Liquid, and Gas. Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a substance still called iron. A normal process of an Organism or part of an Organism. English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Quart. A specification of a sequence of Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time. Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives. An Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing by synthesis of Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion. AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by Plants. BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by Plants. The Class of Processes where the agent pierces the surface of the Object with an instrument. Any GovernmentOrganization that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the Government. An Organization that is a subOrganization of a Government, or an Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort of political change. An OrganizationalProcess carried out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, or even overthrowing a government in a revolution. A powder produced by FloweringPlants that contains male gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of FloweringPlants of the same species. A formal position of reponsibility within an Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc. Attributes characterizing the orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, Left versus Right etc. A RealNumber that is greater than zero. (PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the SetOrClass ?CLASS to the SetOrClass of all subclasses of ?CLASS. Precipitation is the process of water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a liquid or frozen state. A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4. A Predicate is a sentence-forming Relation. Each tuple in the Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a Predicate is denoted by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of BinaryPredicates, the fact can be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of arg_1 is arg_2'. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future. (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete set of premises of the Argument ?ARGUMENT. Any SocialInteraction where a CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples. Colors which can be blended to form any color and which cannot be derived from any other colors. The Class of Mammals which are Primates. An Integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1. A class containing all of the Attributes relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. Likely and Unlikely. The Class of Relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation. A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies. An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture and that is intended to be sold. A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the Set of Objects owned by the Agent. Propositions are Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form A Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a positive charge. Attributes that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an Organism. A clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations. A BiologicalProcess which takes place in the mind or brain of an Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior of the Organism. from navonto: public buildings where social agents don't live permanently; The Manufacture of Texts. Note that there is no implication that the Texts are distributed. Such distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of Dissemination. The Class of Substances with constant composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). The class of IntentionalProcesses where something is sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking. The Class of Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole destination. Something that has a magnitude and can be represented in mathematical expressions by a constant or a variable. Source: SportEvent Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity associated with the patient is altered. English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a UnitedStatesGallon. The Class of Functions that require exactly four arguments. The Class of Predicates that require four arguments. QuaternaryRelations relate four items. The two subclasses of QuaternaryRelation are QuaternaryPredicate and TernaryFunction. A request for information. For example, John asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union address. The Class of Predicates that require five arguments. QuintaryRelations relate five items. The two subclasses of QuintaryRelation are QuintaryPredicate and QuaternaryFunction. Deprecated: Replaced by new relation hasRoad -> navigation:Roadway Property on a smartsumo:Address derived from the t-info service's result type,i.e. the AddressProperties schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl.Defined as string. SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. Radian = m/m = 1. Processes in which some form of electromagnetic radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given off or absorbed by something else. The subclass of Radiating in which light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, and glittering. Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from a nuclear reaction. The subclass of Radiating in which sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, roaring, and whistling. A TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 KelvinDegrees). Any RealNumber that is the product of dividing two Integers. (RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the rational representation of ?NUMBER. A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. Note that the class Interpreting should be used in cases where a Text is read silently. Any Number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position on the number line. (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that is a RealNumber. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true. A Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since RecreationOrExercise is a subclass of IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an instance of RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of watching the television program would however be in the class of Seeing, since being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention). Relation ?REL is reflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST. A special kind of Guiding whose aim is the enforcement of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and the related concept Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred. The Class of relations. There are three kinds of Relation: Predicate, Function, and List. Predicates and Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while Functions cover term-forming operators. A List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple. A RelationExtendedToQuantities is a Relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are RealNumbers, it is also true on a sequence of ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of measure. For example, the lessThan relation is extended to quantities. This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, (lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), ?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. Note that, when a RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from RealNumbers to ConstantQuantities, the ConstantQuantities must be measured along the same physical dimension. Any Attribute that an Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes. An Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs. An OrganizationalProcess that is carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization. The Class of PsychologicalProcesses which involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge which was previously acquired. The Class of Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively. The Class of Processes where the agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly. The Process of biological reproduction. This can be either a sexual or an asexual process. Any ArtWork that represents something Physical. Reproductive structure of Organisms. Consists of an Embryonic Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and FruitOrVegetables, as well as the eggs produced by Animals. A ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of Lungs and generally lay eggs. A request expresses a desire that some future action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, recommendations, suggestions, etc. A Building or part of a Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping. The Class of Mammals with one or two pairs of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. A properPart of a Building which is separated from the exterior of the Building and/or other Rooms of the Building by walls. Some Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, entertainment, etc. A principle or condition that customarily governs behavior; something regarded as a normative example; prescribed guide for conduct or action. Source: SportEvent Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a period of time. Deprecated since 20050905. Now in navonto A WaterArea whose Water is saline, e.g. oceans and seas. A Class of Attributes that specify, in a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of Object in another kind of Object. An ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur; a temporally organized plan for matters to be attended to. Source: SportEvent A period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field. Source: SportEvent Furniture that is designed for sitting on. Source: SportEvent The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody of a FloweringPlant. The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an ocular Organ. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities. Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating. A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure. A Process where a SelfConnectedObject is separated into (some of) its parts. Note that Separating is different from Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not being connected. Note too that Separating is different from Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated. The Class of OneToOneFunctions whose range is a subclass of the PositiveIntegers. A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional - two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more than once in the Set. The SetOrClass of Sets and Classes, i.e. any instance of Abstract that has elements or instances. Attributes that indicate the sex of an Organism. Sexual Processes of biological reproduction. Any Attribute that relates to the shape of an Object. The subclass of Impelling where the patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of Device. A ShoreArea is a LandArea approximately 1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, or lake. A ShoreArea may comprise a variety of LandForms, such as dunes, sloughs, and marshes. (SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0. (SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. A PermanentResidence which is intended to be the home of a single SocialUnit. This class covers Houses, ApartmentUnits, and CondominiumUnits. A Relation is a SingleValuedRelation just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note that not all SingleValuedRelations are TotalValuedRelations. The general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time; a condition or position in which you find yourself. Source: SportEvent The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an olefactory Organ. A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is produced by Combustion. The subclass of IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between CognitiveAgents. The Class of all Attributes that specify the position or status of a CognitiveAgent within an Organization or other Group. Deprecated since 05/09/05. Use smartdns:social-role A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given amount of water. The Class of Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This Class includes mereological relations and topological relations. Any LinguisticGeneration which is also a Vocalizing, i.e. any LinguisticCommunication by a Human which involves his/her vocal cords. A Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game. (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal square root of ?NUMBER. Any distinct time period in a sequence of events. Source: SportEvent The way something is with respect to its main attributes. Source: SportEvent Any Process where the PhysicalState of part of the patient of the Process changes. The class StateOfMind is distinguished from its complement TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up. Administrative subdivisions of a Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries. Geographical subdivisions of a Country that are broader than any other geographical subdivisions that may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries. A WaterArea in which water does not flow constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds. Instances of this Class commit the agent to some truth. For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese. SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1. A relatively narrow WaterArea where the water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, etc. The class of ElementalSubstances that are smaller than Atoms and compose Atoms. The Class of NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time. This Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this Class. An Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water. The Class of Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else. A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6. Instances of this Class suppose, for the sake of argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he would do if he won the lottery. Processes which involve altering the properties that apply to the surface of an Object. Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess. A LiquidMixture where at least one of the components of the Mixture is equally distributed throughout the Mixture but is not dissolved in it. A BinaryRelation ?REL is symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. Any Substance that is the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans. A procedure or process for obtaining an objective. Source: SportEvent Property on a smartsumo:Address derived from the t-info service's result type, i.e. the AddressProperties schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl. Defined as string. Property on a smartsumo:Address derived from the t-info service's result type, i.e. the AddressProperties schema from http://services.t-info.de/soap/services/GeocodeService?wsdl. Defined as string. A plan for attaining a particular goal. Source: SportEvent The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by Touching. Note that Touching need not involve TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in both of his legs would have no TactilePerception of anything his legs were Touching. (TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled triangle. The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by of an Organ which can discriminate various tastes. A practical method or art applied to some particular task. Source: SportEvent Measures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing. The Class of temporal Relations. This Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension. A Residence which is strictly temporary, i.e. where no one makes his/her home. OrganizationalProcesses where someone ceases to be an employee of an Organization. Note that this covers being laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job. The Class of Functions that require exactly three arguments. The Class of Predicates that require exactly three arguments. TernaryRelations relate three items. The two subclasses of TernaryRelation are TernaryPredicate and BinaryFunction. A Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a DiseaseOrSyndrome. The class of GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids like polyhedrons and cylinders. An Attribute which is used to specify coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to the same TimePositions. An aggregation of similarly specialized Cells and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to BodyParts, Organs or Organ components. The main features of Tissues are self-connectivity (see SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the same granularity are instances of Tissue as well). A BinaryRelation is a TotalOrderingRelation if it is a PartialOrderingRelation and a TrichotomizingRelation. A Relation is a TotalValuedRelation just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except the last one. Note that declaring a Relation to be both a TotalValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function. Any Transfer where two Objects are brought into immediate physical contact with one another. Attributes that indicate the the behavior/personality traits of an Organism. The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else. Any instance of Translocation where the agent and the patient are not the same thing. A BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. Transitway is the broadest class of regions which may be passed through as a path in instances of Translocation. Transitway includes land, air, and sea regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways. Converting content from one Language into another. This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation. Translocation is that class of Motions in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round trips, the origin and destination are the same, but the intervening motion passes through other locations. Translocation represents linear motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is not necessary; Ambulating is a kind of Translocation. Motion from one point to another by means of a TransportationDevice. Deprecated since 20050905. Now in navonto A BinaryRelation ?REL is a TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are elements of ?REL. The Class of truth values, e.g. True and False. These are Attributes of Sentences and Propositions. Any two OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. straight lines) meeting at a single GeometricPoint. The class of GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures like circles and polygons. The Class of Functions that require a single argument. The Class of Removing processes where the agent uncovers the patient, either completely or only partially. Any instance of Detaching which results in a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something which he/she grasps previously. Any instance of Getting that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Getting where nothing is given in return. Some examples of UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, commandeering, stealing, etc. Any instance of Giving that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Giving where nothing is received in return. Some examples of UnilateralGiving are: honorary awards, gifts, and financial grants. A List in which no item appears more than once, i.e. a List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 such that (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) return the same value. A currency measure. 1 UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 UnitedStatesDollars. Unit of volume commonly used in the United States. A large and densely populated territory belonging to a city; may include several independent administrative districts A DeductiveArgument which is valid, i.e. the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion. The Class of Relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments. Vehicle is the subclass of TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods from one place to another by moving from one place to the other with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to the destination. A Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant. An Organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things. A Nutrient present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of Humans and other higher Animals. Included here are Vitamin precursors and provitamins. Any instance of RadiatingSound where the instrument is the Human vocal cords. This covers grunts, screams, roars, as well as Speaking. Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions. Voting is the activity of voting in an Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while Elections are conducted by Organizations. The voting process by an individual voter is part of an Election process. A military confrontation between two or more GeopoliticalAreas or Organizations whose members are GeopoliticalAreas. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles. Vertebrates whose body temperature is internally regulated. The Class of samples of the compound H20. Note that this Class covers both pure and impure Water. A body which is made up predominantly of water, e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to a CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the Agent. Note that this Function is generally used in conjunction with the Function PropertyFn, e.g. (WealthFn (PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings. The Class of Devices that are designed primarily to damage or destroy Humans/Animals, StationaryArtifacts or the places inhabited by Humans/Animals. WeatherProcess is the broadest class of processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused with instances of SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short-term weather events. Any Declaring that leads to one person being the spouse of another. The Class of Processes where a Liquid is added to an Object. A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both transcription and original creation of written Texts. A UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar Year. For example, (YearFn 1912) returns the Class containing just one instance, the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. MonthFn, DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals. This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService The names of some actors of the movie. Possible values: OZONE The ozone (O3) dominates the current index. TEMPERATURE The temperature dominates the current index. WIND_SPEED The wind speed dominates the current index. WIND_DIRECTION The wind direction dominates the current index. NITROGEN_MONOXIDE The nitrogen monoxide (NO) dominates the current index. NITROGEN_DIOXIDE The nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dominates the current index. SULFUR_DIOXIDE The sulfur dioxide (SO2) dominates the current index. DUST The dust (PM10) dominates the current index. CARBON_MONOXIDE The carbon monoxide (CO) dominates the current index. HYDROCARBON The hydrocarbon without methane (VOC) dominates the current index. UV_INDEX The uv index dominates the current index. PRECIPITATION The precipitation dominates the current index. BENZENE The benzene dominates the current index. (angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that the TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. (angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that the two-dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the PlaneAngleMeasure of ?MEASURE. A BinaryFunction is closed on a SetOrClass if it is defined for all instances of the SetOrClass and its value is always an instance of the SetOrClass. (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that some part of the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that if (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). (conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT entails ?PROPOSITION. This is the most general connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation; there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an IrreflexiveRelation; no EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection. (consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it is possible for both of them to be true at the same time. This slot has been introduced in order to add country-specific abbreviations. The DTAG Web services require the ISO 2 abbreviations (DE, UK, ...) whereas the SportEvent ontology requires the ICC (Int Country Code) abbreviations (GER, ENG, ...). (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that Object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected to it. An optional array of default pois for displaying in a map. There are two use cases: Not set or empty array: show no default poi icons in the map. Set and array filled with at least one element: show this default icon(s) in the map. For large routes it is recommended to show no default pois in the map, because the map calculation takes a lot of time. Possible values: RAILWAY_STATION FERRY AIRPORT MUSEUM PLACE_OF_INTEREST TOURIST_OFFICE SPORTS_CENTRE MONUMENT CITYHALL This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService The movie description CITIES_MAIN main cities CITY_DISTRICTS_WITHOUT_MAIN city districts without the main city CITY_DISTRICTS_WITH_MAIN city districts with the main city CITY_DISTRICTS_WITH_STREETS1 city districts with streets 1 CITY_DISTRICTS_WITH_STREETS2 city districts with streets 2 GENERAL_HOUSENUMBER the general housenumber EXACT_HOUSENUMBER1 exact housenumber 1 EXACT_HOUSENUMBER2 exact housenumber 2 BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of a circular Object from side to side. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The distance since previous route element in km. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The time since previous route element in seconds. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The direction to the next station. This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService The name(s) of the direction of the movie. Classes are disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to them is empty. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The distance from the start point A BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. (employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation. (engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other. A BinaryRelation is an equivalenceRelationOn a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass and it is both a TransitiveRelation and a SymmetricRelation. This slot originates in DTAG's EventService. The id of an event. This id can be used to get event details. The actual, minimal location of an Object. This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate located. This slot originates in DTAG's EventService. Possible Values: NAME Filtering for a name. POSTAL_CODE Filtering for a postal code with 5 digits, e.g. '01067' This slot originates in DTAG's EventService. The filter criteria, e.g. the entry name if name filter is actual This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. From which direction will I come? Boolean parameter for generating a route polyline with coordinates. This is used for later calculating a station map. Boolean parameter for calculating the map scale of the maneuvers. This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService The genre of the movie. (geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeographicArea ?PART is part of the GeographicArea ?WHOLE. (geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the GeometricFigure ?WHOLE. (geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2; that is, ?AREA1 is an integral geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by the government of ?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea. Use this slot to related an address and a country. The smartsumo:Country can be assigned a phone number prefix, e.g., "+49", by the hasPhonePrefix slot. In turn, the Country concept is related to regions, states, provinces by hasRegion. smartsumo:hasRegion can also be assigned a phone number prefix, e.g., "0721" for the Karlsruhe region. the goal of the trip source: navigation The smartsumo:Country can be assigned a phone number prefix, e.g., "+49", by the hasPhonePrefix slot. In turn, the Country concept is related to regions, states, provinces by hasRegion. smartsumo:hasRegion can also be assigned a phone number prefix, e.g., "0721" for the Karlsruhe region. The Country concept is related to regions, states, provinces by hasRegion. smartsumo:hasRegion can also be assigned a phone number prefix, e.g., "0721" for the Karlsruhe region. use this slot to relate an address to its road information. Remark: the Roadway concept is defined in the navigation ontology the source of the trip source: navigation This slot originates in DTAG's EventService. If tickets are available for the event this is set to true, otherwise it is set to false. (husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the husband of ?WOMAN. The DTAG Web services require the ISO 2 abbreviations (DE, UK, ...) whereas the SportEvent ontology requires the ICC (Int Country Code) abbreviations (GER, ENG, ...). The icon type of an address in a map. It is only used by the DTAG Map service operation getMap. (identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share exactly the same items, they may order these items differently. This slot was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service The name of the image icon for forecast weather before noon, e.g. wbr1__.gif. This slot was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service The name of the image icon for forecast weather after noon, e.g. wbr1__.gif. An object is an immediateInstance of a SetOrClass if it is an instance of the SetOrClass and it is not an instance of a proper subclass of SetOrClass. A SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an immediateSubclass of another SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it. (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a subList of ?LIST2 and (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same value as (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over which (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined. (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any superficialPart ?OBJ2. The inverse of a BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped. A BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a SetOrClass only if no instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to itself. The DTAG Web services require the ISO 2 abbreviations (DE, UK, ...) whereas the SportEvent ontology requires the ICC (Int Country Code) abbreviations (GER, ENG, ...). Required only by the WebCamService. The type of the language for the picture description. Two languages "German" and "English" are used at the moment. The default value is "German" BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects (lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the straight line ?LINE has the LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE. (located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated at ?OBJ, and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at ?OBJ. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The optional maneuvers of the route WEB Target is a web application. PDA Target is a personal digital assistent. WAP Target is a mobile phone that supports WAP. TV Target is a tv. GIF Graphics Interchange Format JPG Joint Photographic Group PNG Portable Network Graphic WBMP Wireless Bitmap The optional url for a map with the center point and the icons of the search addresses This slot is required for the DTAG web services, e.g. searchAddresses (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 overlapsSpatially the other. This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The optimization type for route calculation. Possible values: FASTEST the fastest route ECONOMIC the economical route SHORTEST the shortest route (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a part of the other. (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation. (parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point. This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService The parental advisory of the movie A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass, and it is both an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation. (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth). A specialized common sense notion of part for arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part. (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that the GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. Possible values: NO_LOAD There is no load for the pollen (keine Belastung). LOW_LOAD There is low load for the pollen (schwache Belastung). MODERATE_LOAD There is moderate load for the pollen (maessige Belastung). STRONG_LOAD There is strong load for the pollen (starke Belastung). This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The optional polyline of the route with coordinates. This can be use for calculating a station map with the map service. This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService (premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the Argument ?ARGUMENT. (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an IrreflexiveRelation). Gives the range of a function. In other words, (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are instances of ?CLASS. (rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are subclasses of ?CLASS. A BinaryRelation is reflexive on a SetOrClass only if every instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to itself. A very general semiotics Predicate. (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the documentation string for names. The level of detailing for the route calculation and description. Possible Values ONLY_STOPOFF show only start, stop and via stations in route description ADD_JUNCTIONS like ONLY_STOPOFF buf with junctions ALL_IMPORTANT show all important stations in route description MOST_DETAILED show all details in route description the distance unit to use for the route (e.g. km, miles, ...) Possible values KM use kilometers as distance unit MILES use miles as distance unit METERS use meters as distance unit This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The duration of the route This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The length of the route in the requested distance unit. CIRCLE_SEARCH This search in a circle. The range were defined by meters. The MAXIMUM Value is 50000 Meters. Do not use a higher Value! NEAREST_SEARCH This search the nearest adresses. The range were defined in percent. That you read is correct. In Percent! The value in percent is calulate like the following: You search 10 adresses near a geocoordinate with tolerance of 200%. The distance of first adress were found near your geocoordinate was 100% Percent. So the search will be done in the double range of distance of the first address that was found. If set to true the center icon is displayed in the map, if set to false not. Default is true. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The speed profile for route calculation. Possible Values: CAR_FAST high speed profile for a car CAR_MEDIUM medium speed profile for a car CAR_SLOW low speed profile for a car TRUCK_FAST high speed profile for a truck TRUCK_SLOW low speed profile for a truck PEDESTRIAN speed profile for a pedestrian (route calculation up to 20 kilometers possible) This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The recommended map scale of this maneuver in meter. Attention: If you wnat to get a map for a station/maneuver, you have to set the map scale in meter per pixel. You get this value: stationMapScale / mapWidth or stationMapScale / mapHeight. E.g. if stationMapScale = 1000.0 meter and your station map width and height is 500, you have to set the map scale to 2.0, because 2.0 = 1000.0 / 500. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. Possible values: START the start point of the route VIA a stop off point END the end point of the route INFO a route information (e.g.: turns) This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The route stations with coordinates. The first is the start, the last is the end and between start and end are the via points. This can be use for calculating a station map with the map service. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. Possible values: MOTORWAY motorway (Autobahn) FOUR_LANE four-lane road (Bundesstrasse) TWO_LANE two-lane road ((Bundesstrasse)) COUNTRY1 country road type 1 (Landstrasse) COUNTRY2 country road type 2 (Kreisstrasse) CITY city (innerstaedtische Strasse) FERRY ferry (Faehre) OTHER other road type (unknown type) Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it. (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both Lists. (subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a part of the Organization ?ORG2. Note that subOrganization is a ReflexiveRelation, so every Organization is a subOrganization of itself. (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular context. (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks of abstract content. (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses. (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2. In other words, if the Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then the Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments. A consequence of this is that a Relation and its subrelations must have the same valence. In CycL, subrelation is called #$genlPreds. (subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2. (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share. The transitive closure of successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2. (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and MereologicalProductFn. This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService The teaser info of the movie. This slot was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service The high temperature of the day in grad celsius. This slot was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service The low temperature of the day in grad celsius. This slot was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service The info text for weather condition This slot was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service The text for forecast weather before noon. This slot was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service The text for forecast weather after noon. This slot was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service 1: the text is a header info, 2: the text is the condition info text. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The time of arrival at this station. This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService The title of the movie. This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. Information about where to go to the next station. The tolerance could be in meters and percent. It depends on the search mode. A BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the SetOrClass. (transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of CurrencyMeasure being exhanged in the FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION. A BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2), (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2). This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. Possible values: ROUNDABOUT_ENTER enter ROUNDABOUT_EXIT exit TURN_LEFT turn left TURN_RIGHT turn right TURN_HALF_LEFT turn half left TURN_HALF_RIGHT turn half right U_TURN_LEFT U turn left U_TURN_RIGHT U turn right KEEP_LEFT keep left KEEP_RIGHT keep right STRAIGHT_ON straight on The class of names that uniquely identify an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book Number). use short routing for distance calculation and sorting. When this parameter is false the air distance will be used, when true then the real distance based on the route to the target is used. Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of VariableArityRelation. For example, holds is a VariableArityRelation. The value for the current pollution data: index for uv index, micro g/m3 for ozon and dust, index for air quality. This slot originates in DTAG's EventService. The event venue (the direct location where the event takes place, e.g. a cinema or disco). This slot was introduce to capture the information of the DTAG's CinemaService The version of the movie, e.g. OV for overview This slot originates in DTAG's RouteService. The number of route stations. (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing the item of Clothing ?CLOTHING. This concept was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service. We use smartdolce:PRESENT-AT to capture the date. This concept was introduced to catch the xml-schema types of DTAG's Environment Service. We use smartdolce:PRESENT-AT to capture the date. We use this a superclass for several information objects that are used for web services modelling and matching only. They are ontological representations of xml-schema types of the DTAG web services. BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from side to side at its widest span. (wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of ?MAN. Some kinds of foul in Futsal. "http://www.touchlinesoccer.com/Rules.htm" An active offside violating football rules; an indirect free kick is awarded to the non-offending team. An administrative sportive organization such as FIFA or its subsidiary confederations. Situations where a team has possession of the ball and outnumbers the opposition near the opposing goal. At the referee's discretion, an infraction may not be called if it gives the offending team an advantage. For instance, play might not he stopped if the referee thought calling a foul gave the defending team an advantage by killing an attack. This is the premier club championship in Africa commenced in 1997, succeeding the African Cup of Champions Clubs (1964-96). It is open to all CAF-affiliated National League Champions and the Cup holder. "http://www.sportscheduler.co.sz/caf_champions_league.htm" The African Confederation Cup is a competition for the National Cup Winner in each African country. "http://www.sportscheduler.co.sz/caf_confederation_cup.htm" African Nations Cup. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Nations_Cup" A team selected as the best players at particular postions in team sports, or a list of top participants in indvidual sports Phrase that people like to yell when they feel that a tackle was properly made. Usually this is a pre-emptive strike yelled just at the referee just before the referee pulls out a yellow or red card to signify that it was a foul. An action performed by a single football player including goalkeeper. Launched in 1967, this event was opened to the national club champions of Asia. "http://www.footballasia.com/acl/en/event/history.asp" Launched in 1990, the Asian Cup Winners' Cup was contested by the winners of each country's premier knock-out competition. The Super Cup brought together the champions of Asia's two premier club competitions - the Asian Club Championship and the Asian Cup Winner's Cup. The pass, passes or shot which immediately precede a goal; a maximum of two assists can be credited for one goal. Formerly "Linesmen"; the 2 officials who assist the referee in making his decisions; they monitor the sidelines and goal lines to determine when a ball goes out of bounds and they carry a flag to signal their observations. The traditional term for the game in England to distinguish it from rugby football abbreviated assoc. Over time the prefix was dropped and in English custom, "er" added to the end to form the word "soccer". An offensive player on the team that has possession of the ball. The most forward-playing midfielder, playing right behind the forwards; he supports the offense by providing passes to forwards to set up goals. Something given for victory or superiority in a contest or competition. The away goals rule is a method of breaking ties in football matches contested over two legs in which a winner must be determined. The goalkepper may not take the ball with hand, if a teammate intentionally passes him the ball with foot. The area on the opposite side of the goal mouth from where a cross or corner kick was taken, extremely tough for goal keepers to cover. A defensive formation with five backs, three in the middle and one in each side. Originally, this term described a formation of deep defenders comprised of the left and right outside fullbacks, and two other central defenders often called a stopper and a sweeper. Lately this term is a reference to a system of play which describes defensive responsibilities in a zonal manner. A type of pass or shot used to move the ball backwards by striking it with the heel of the foot. A pass from a player farther from his own goal to another teammate. An attempt by a defender to take the ball away from a ball carrier by swinging the defender's leg in front of the ball from behind. A defensive formation with three backs, one in the middle and one in each side. Checking while the other team is advancing down one's own goal. The positioning of "third defenders" in such a manner that the defensive team maintains their shape and effectiveness. Generally the shape of the defense is intended to eliminate an easy pass by your opponent, and to eliminate a kick upfield to a advantgeous position for your opponent. Round object that is hit or thrown or kicked in games; any object with a spherical shape; An action performed by a single football player with the ball or against a ball carrier. The ricochet of a ball after it hits a player, referee or woodworks. When a team has control of the ball, they are considered to be in possession of it. When a player maintains control of the ball while touching both feet, or any other part of his body other than his hands, to the ground. Defensive player that focuses on the ball exclusively, while he loses track of attacking players and the movement of those attackers to get into position to receive the ball. Prohibit imposed by sport officials to a person from participating in some match(es) or even tournaments for a period of time. A type of kick that gives the ball a curved trajectory; used to get the ball around an obstacle such as a goaltender or defender. A type of throw used by goalkeepers to move the ball over medium distances. To get the ball through or around an opponent by dribbling or shooting. Because West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer was one of the most complete players ever, he transformed the sweeper-into both an attack and defense position during the late 1960s' and changed the game forever. An international football tournament between clubs of different countries. An international football tournament between national teams of different countries. The side away from which a player is looking (away from the ball). When a defensive player, instead of going after the ball, uses his body to prevent an offensive player from playing it. A way of tackling an opponent head-on and gaining possession of the ball while still standing. A body action performed by a single football player without the ball. A term referring to a player's name being written down by a referee for either a yellow or red card infraction. The metal, plastic or rubber points in the bottom of a soccer shoe used to provide a player with traction; term also used to refer to the shoes themselves. Term used to describe the Brazilian way of playing. Tends to be very creative, higly technical dribbling, passing and all around play. Brazilians are thought to be the best nation of footballers in the world. A plan or system on how to buildup an attack once a team has won the ball. A defensive formation which puts the majority of a team behind the ball in an effort to ensure the attacking team does not score. This tactic gives the defending team little or no chance to score. It is used when a team does not want the opposing team to score and usually results in very little creative or entertaining soccer. The best offensive tactic against this frustrating defensive system is to stretch the defenders as much as possible with overlaps, counterattacks and playing the ball wide as much as possible because going straight at goal will be nearly impossible. The annual international football competition held in the CONCACAF region which comprises North America and the Caribbean. The competition is open to the leading domestic club teams in the region. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_Cup" The Italian football league system is a series of interconnected leagues for football clubs in Italy. A foul called on a goalkeeper when he takes more than 4 steps while holding or bouncing the ball. A tactical system in football with an emphasis on defence and tactical fouls. In Italian catenaccio means "door-bolt" and it effectively means a highly organized backline defense which is intended to prevent goals. It was made famous by Argentinian trainer Helenio Herrera of Inter Milan in the 1960s who used it to grind out 1-0 wins over opponents in their league games. A circular marking in the center of the field from which kickoffs are taken to start or restart the game. The flag located at the intersection of center line and side line. To kick off to start or restart the game from the center spot. Or "Midfield line"; a line that divides the field in half along its width. The small circular mark inside the center circle that denotes the center of the field from which kickoffs are taken to start or restart the game. A possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances. To run into an opponent; legal if done from the front or side of the ball carrier; illegal against a player without the ball or from behind. Description of a play that is very high risk and usually technically difficult. Examples of cheeky plays are bicycle kicks, back heels, nutmegs, through passes, etc. When a player uses his chest to slow down and control a ball in the air. A high, floated kick that lifts the ball over the heads of defenders or the goalkeeper. A kick, ideally of good distance, that attempts to get the ball away from the penalty area quickly. Can also be a punch by a goalkeeper. An occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants. The arrangement into positions of all 11 football players on the field. A football tournament game played between the losers of the 2 semifinal matches to determine the third-place team. A goal scored usually too late to give a team the chance to equalize or win a match and it's just a consolation. A tournament game played between the losers of the 2 semifinal matches to determine the third-place team. An international football tournament between clubs or national teams of different countries in a continent. The Copa Libertadores de América ("Liberators of the Americas Cup") is an international football cup competition played annually by the top clubs of South America. In recent years, top clubs from Mexico have also competed. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores" A quarter-circle located at each of the 4 corners of the field; on a corner kick, the ball must be kicked from inside this arc. A quarter-circle located at each of the 4 corners of the field; on a corner kick, the ball must be kicked from inside this arc. The flag located at each of the 4 corners of the field, inside the corner area. A free kick for the attackers taken from the corner after a defender puts the ball out of play over the goal line. When a team quickly advances the ball down the field in an attempt to get its players near the opponent's goal before the defenders have a chance to retreat. When a player from the attacking team moves without the ball to draw defenders away from the ball carrier and give him space. A pass from an attacking player near the sideline to a teammate in the middle or opposite side of the field; used to give the teammate a good scoring opportunity. The horizontal beam that forms the top of a goal and sits on top of the two posts; A large metal vessel with two handles that is awarded to the winner of a competition; An action usually done by a goalie when he comes out of the goal several feet to make himself closer and larger to an attacker, leaving the attacker less net to shoot at. When a player attempts a play that the referee considers dangerous to that player or others, such as trying to kick the ball out of the goalie's hands, even if no contact is made. The state of the ball during a break in play, including the period before it is struck for free kicks . A goal wchich decides the overall result of a match or matches. A team's function of preventing the opposition from scoring. This might be performed by a team in a time point or even time interval. The defensive system of playing that a football team chooses in a match. The players on a team whose primary task is to stop the opposition from scoring; also called fullbacks. A participant of a tournament which enters it as the champion of its last event. A defensive challenge to save, take away the ball or stop an opponent. The player positioned just in front of his team's defense; he is often assigned to mark the opposition's best offensive player; also called the midfield anchor. When one or more defenders closely mark a ball carrier to harass him into losing the ball. A goal can be scored directly from this free kick without the ball touching another player. When a player pretends that his direct opponent has made on him and falls down without being fouled. A ball struck near ground level by the head of a diving player. An elimination tournament in which a participant ceases to be eligible to win the tournament's championship upon having lost two games or matches. In or into the part of the field toward which the offensive team is headed. A team or group whose members are considered among the most qualified or talented in their particular fields. A way of advancing the ball by a series of short taps with one or both feet, usually keeping the ball close to the body, allowing one to change speed and direction with the ball. A player who advances the ball while controlling it with his feet. A method of restarting a game where the referee drops the ball between 2 players facing each other. When a goalie drops the ball from his hands and kicks it before it hits the ground. A tournament in which losers are eliminated in successive rounds. Special design or visual object representing a quality, type, group, etc.. The championship tournament played between Europe's top national teams. A special design representing a European football championship. A group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit. The FA Premier League (often referred to as the Barclays English Premier League for sponsorship reasons) comprises the top 20 football clubs in the league system of English football. It was created in 1992. "http://www.premierleague.com" A peson who takes part in FIFA executive committee. "http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/committee/exccom.html" Conformity to established rules; upright conduct and equitable conditions. An opponent that in its present, one feels restrained and uncertain and usually loses a contest against that. A move by a player meant to deceive an opposing player; used by a ball carrier to make a defender think the ball carrier is going to dribble, pass or shoot in a certain direction when he is not. A football player who is in the line-up of team playing in a match. A ranking system for senior football national teams. The system makes it possible to publish comparisons of the relative strengths of internationally active teams at regular intervals. "http://www.fifa.com/en/mens/statistics/rank/procedures/0,2540,3,00.html" The final round in an elimination tournament in which the two winners of all previous matches play against each other. A number that expresses the accomplishment of a team or an individual in a game or contest; Usually rectangular piece of cloth of distinctive design; a rectangular piece of fabric used as a signalling device. Situation where a defender is caught standing still or too slow to react to a play because they were not mobile at the onset of the play. To counteract this, defenders move around on situtations where this might happen such as corner kicks. Passing the ball to a teammate so it rolls rather than bounces. Flat passes are much easier to receive and result in better first touches by receiver. A kind of lighting which allows sports facilities to be used for by eliminating darkened areas. To flow the ball with passes, making space and doing other tricky actions. When a player uses his foot to slow down and control a ball in the air. A match played with a ball on a rectangular field with goal lines and goal posts at either end. Opposing teams of 11 players each attempt to gain possession of the ball and advance it by means of running and passing plays across the opponent's goal line. A football ball which is: - spherical - made of leather or other suitable material - of a circumference of not more than 70 cm (28 ins) and not less than 68 cm (27 ins) - not more than 450 g (16 oz) in weight and not less than 410 g (14 oz) at the start of the match - of a pressure equal to 0.6 - 1.1 atmosphere (600 - 1100 g/cm2) at sea level (8.5 lbs/sq in 15.6 lbs/sq in). "http://www.fifa.com/en/development/pitchsection/0,1245,4,00.html" A certain division of a football club which take part in a tournament. The Confederations are the umbrella organisations of the national football associations on each continent. However the terms "confederation" and "association" are sometimes mixed up. "http://www.fifa.com/fr/organisation/na/index.html" "http://www.fifa.com/fr/organisation/confederations/index.html" The arrangement into positions of some football players on the field. Sometimes the difference between the formation of a football team, its sytem of playing and its tactic is not clear or better say it's the same. A football league. "http://www.coto.at/" The referee and 2 linesmen who work together to make sure the game is played according to the rules of soccer; responsible for stopping and restarting play, keeping track of the score and the time remaining and citing violations of the rules, called fouls; they wear uniforms that distinguish them from the players on both teams. A derogatory term for that is "3 blind mice". "3 stripes": three rings around the top of a sock signifying a referees. A football team taking part in a Match. This includes players or a squad and other people. Bench and lineup are to be understand as snapshots at the beginning of the match. Changes in the lineup are to be modeled as TrainerActions during the Match. A certain division of a national football team -including Squad players and OtherPeople- which take part in a tournament. The official persons involved in a football match to control its accordance with rules of the game. A person involved in organizational issue of football organization. A person involved in a football activity such as organizational, official or sportive. A style of football that a team present in a match or tournament. A team statistic indicating its degree of success, calculated as follows: 2 points for a win (3 from the 1994 World Cup), 1 point for a tie, 0 points for a loss; also, an individual statistic for a player, calculated by totaling 2 points for each goal and 1 point for each assist. A football season covers the time from the first match day up to the last match day of the games scheduled in a regular season. The system of playing that a football team chooses in a match. Sometimes the difference between the formation of a football team, its sytem of playing and its tactic is not clear or better say it's the same. Tactic in football is a plan or a strategy to beat an opponent. Sometimes the difference between the formation of a football team, its sytem of playing and its tactic is not clear or better say it's the same. A football team is the collective name given to a number of people who form a team to play in a football tournament or match. In FIFA tournament play, a series of penalty kicks are taken by players from both teams, and the team that scores on more of them is declared the winner; The tie-breaking procedure after regulation time used in MLS games is called "shootout". A football tournament in which some football teams compete against each other. An international football tournament between national teams of different countries but not just in a continent. The players on a team who are responsible for most of a team's scoring; they play in front of the rest of their team where they can take most of its shots; strikers and wingers. The 3 or 4 forwards who work together to try and score goals; usually consists of two wingers and 1 or 2 strikers. A violation of the rules for which the referee assesses a free kick. A kick awarded to a player for a foul committed by the opposition; the player kicks an unobstructed stationary ball. The striking of a ball in the air by a player's forehead; the most common type of header. An attempt by a defender to kick the ball away from an attacker by approaching him from a head-on position. A type of centre attack with long and penetrate passes sent to the strikers. "http://www.fifa.com/en/comp/futsal/0,2458,4-FUTSAL-2004,00.html" A team having a certain characteristic for some match(es) or even forever. The rectangular area in front of each goal from which all goal kicks are taken; inside this area, it is illegal for opposing players to charge a goalie not holding the ball. The difference between the scored and received goals in a match or tournament. A type of restart where the ball is kicked from inside the goal area away from the goal; awarded to the defending team when a ball that crossed the goal line was last touched by a player on the attacking team. The field boundary running along its width at each end; also called the end line; runs right across the front of the goal; the line which a ball must completely cross for a goal to be scored. The wide structure consisting of two posts, a crossbar and a net into which all goals are scored. An attacker that usually roams around the penalty box and attempts to put away loose balls, sloppy passes and other non-traditional ways of scoring. A ball that crosses the goal line between the goalposts and below the crossbar for which a point is awarded; A shot towards a goal which leads to score a goal if no defensive player clear the ball. The player positioned directly in front of the goal who tries to prevent shots from getting into the net behind him; the only player allowed to use his hands and arms, though only within the penalty area. To catch the ball by jumping towards it and falling on the ground. A goal scored during overtime which gives instant victory to the scoring team. Drawn out word "goal" used to describe a scored goal. Made famous by hispanic soccer announcer Andres Cantor. Narrow-leaved green herbage: grown as lawns; used as pasture for grazing animals; cut and dried as hay. A shot that either barely skims the field or bounces on it's way to the goal. A stage or round of a tournament which has both group and elimination phases. A football match played in the group stage of a playoff tournament. When the ball is kicked just as it is rebounding off the ground. When a player touches the ball with his hand or arm. If not unintentional, then the opposing team is awarded a direct free kick. Handball usually replaces the correct term hand to ball. The deliberate handling of a ball by a player other than the goal-keeper (in the Penalty Area). This is considered as a deliberate action by the player and is penalized. In other words movement of the hand towards the ball. A coin is tossed and the team which wins the toss decides which goal it will attack in the first half of the match. The other team takes the kick-off to start the match. The curved trajectory of a ball due to spin imparted on it by a kicker, such as in a banana kick. A person who invites guests to a social event (such as a party in his or her own home) and who is responsible for them while they are there. when a ball is within the boundaries of the field, having not completely crossed a sideline or goal line. A goal can only be scored on this free kick after the ball has touched another player. Time added to the end of any period of a game according to the referee's judgment of time lost due to player injuries or intentional stalling by a team. A straight shot taken with the instep of a player's foot; usually the most powerful and accurate of shots. Interchanging of players in different positions to strengthen the defense or offense. To make one's way by pushing and shoving or to force by pushing. Keeping a ball in the air with any part of the body besides the hands or arms; used for practice and developing coordination. A tactic to control the ball in order to slow down the pace of the game, reduce the pressure of the opponent, or kill the time. Any kind of kickinging a ball done by a player without the intervention of an opponent at least for a short time. After this action, the ball definitely loses its contact with the player. The Spanish football league is called La Liga. It is divided into various divisions. The top two: Primera división (First division) and Segunda división (Second division) have professional teams. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga" A pass sent ahead of a moving teammate to arrive at a location at the same time he does. A goal which should have been considered as a goal but is mistakenly disallowed by the referee. Apparatus for supplying artificial light effects for the stage or a film. The Championnats Nationaux is the name given to the top two divisions of French professional football consisting of ligue 1 and ligue 2 below which is a system of non-league leagues. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnats_Nationaux" A formation of some players who play in the same line, as defence, midfield and forward. A mark that is long relative to its width; a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; The particular portion of space occupied by a physical object. The symbol used to represent a club or team and to distinguish itself from others. The symbols are generally worn as a patch on the jersey over the heart (right side of the chest). These symbols range in size, color, shape and meaning and generally have signifigance to the regions they represent. Many of the unique identifiers in this symbol are club/team bame, location, date founded, religious symbols, slogans, geographic indicators, etc. A pass from a teams' own half, over the heads of the other team's defence. A type of defense where each defender is assigned to mark a different forward from the other team; To prevent a member of the opposing team from taking control of the ball by staying close to him all the time. A person or animal that is adopted by a team or other group as a symbolic figure. A game or contest in which two or more persons, animals, or teams oppose and compete with each other A football player possessing a characteristic in one football match. A time-point in a match in which an actions takes place or an event happens. An absolute time-point in a match in which an actions takes place or an event happens. A relative time-point in a match in which an actions takes place or an event happens. A way of doing something, esp. a systematic one; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps). The region of the field near the midfield line; the area controlled by the midfielders. The players who link together the offensive and defensive functions of a team; they play behind their forwards. When a particular offensive player is far superior to the defender marking him. A defensive technique where defenders constantly move around so they do not get caught flat footed on a particular play such as a corner kick. Also a move is a way of maneuvering around an opponent, to run around them. Phrase that signifies a player has intention of gaining possesion of a loose ball. May be construed as ungentlemanly conduct, trying to deceive an opponent verbally. A team consisting of the best players in a country chosen to represent it in international competitions such as the World Cup. An interconnected or intersecting configuration or system of components; a goal lined with netting; "Hemp", "jute" or "nylon cord" draped over the frame of the goal and extending behind it; also used to refer to the goal itself. The different types of breaks when certain number of attackers are against certain number of defenders. The act of purposely dribbling the ball through an opponent's legs and regaining posession. An action performed by an official person usually referee or one of his assisstants in a match. An official ball used in european championship. "http://www.soccerballworld.com/Euroballs.htm" The official Fifa ball with 27-28 inch circumference and 14-16 ounce weight. The clock that the referee carries with him on the field so he can signal when each half is over; does not stop during the game, even when play does. When a player in an offside position receives a pass from a teammate which is not a goal kick, throw in or corner kick. When player is nearer to his opponents goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent, this position is called offside position. A defense tactic where a (defensive) player, or players intentionally moves forward to put an attacking player offside. When a player is on the wrong foot which ends up to an unsuccessful play. The opening round of a tournament with one only match. Usually, the current champion of the tournament is one side of this match. Any action within a match which absolutely does not influence the result of the match. A formation of some players other than line or complete formation. When a ball is outside the boundaries of the field or play has been stopped by the referee. When a goaltender or defender passes the ball from close to his own goal toward the other team's goal; used to start a counterattack. The extra periods played after a game ends tied; used in collegiate and championship international matches to determine a winner. When a winger moves away from the sideline towards the center of the field to create space for a teammate to advance the ball undefended along the side of the field. A goal that results when a player inadvertently knocks the ball into the goal he is defending. A goalkeeper's use of any body part, usually the hands, to deflect the ball from the goal. When a player kicks the ball to his teammate; used to move the ball closer to the opposing goal, to keep the ball away from an opponent or to give the ball to a player who is in a better position to score. When a player is in offside but he's uninvolved in a sense that he does not directly block the vision or restricts the movement of an opponent and does not touch the ball. A referee action when he gives a warning to a player who has broken the law. A circular arc whose center is the penalty spot and extends from the top of the penalty area; designates an area that opposing players are not allowed to enter prior to a penalty kick. 16 meter (18 yard) area arround the goal, from the posts to the left and right and towards the centre. The goalkeeper may touch the ball with his hands within the penalty-area. Fouls within the area (may) result in a penalty-kick. Or "Penalty shot" or simplay "Penalty"; awarded for the most severe rule violations and those committed by the defense within its own penalty area; also taken in a tiebreaker to decide a match. The small circular spot located in front of the center of the goal line from which all penalty kicks are taken; positioned at the center of the penalty arc. To advance the ball behind opposing defenders (between them and their goal). To pass the ball to a teammate behind opposing defenders (between them and their goal). Any of various nautical flags tapering usually to a point or swallowtail and used for identification or signaling. The spatial property of the way in which something is placed. When a team is so superior to its opponent such that the match goes on only in the opponent's field. The versatile midfielder most responsible for organizing play in the midfield area; often a team's energetic leader. A term used by referees to indicate that no foul or stoppage is to be called; used by referees when applying the Advantage Rule. A tournament that takes place after a season's schedule has been completed; used to determine a champion. A football player -including substitutes- playing in a special position in the field during a match. Goalpost or the area near it; a piece (as of timber or metal) fixed firmly in an upright position especially as a stay or support. An executive officer of a firm, corporation, university, team, etc. A foul, usually hard and from behind, in which a defender intentionally takes down a player to disrupt a clear scoring opportunity, usually a break-away. The "professional foul" usally results in a yellow or red card. A football player possessing a characteristic because of his abilities in general or his achievments both in football. When a player pushes the ball with the inside of his foot to a teammate. A type of tournament in which some teams get qualified for another tournament(s). The division of teams into groups for World Cup qualifying matches, held 2 years before The Draw. Games played in the preceding of a tournament to determine which teams participate in that tournament. A round of an elimination tournament with four matches. The winners of these four matches go to the semifinal round. Anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events; A player who has made the most international matches for his country so far. A card presented to a football player by the referee signifying the player's ejection from the match. The red card is presented for dangerous fouls, repeated fouls, striking an opponent, spitting or after a player receives a second yellow card during the game. The chief official; he makes all final decisions, acts as timekeeper, calls all fouls and starts and stops play. A flag that linesmen carry to signal their observations to the referee. A signal sent by referee to start or stop a match or give sanction. The schedule of games set before a season; consists of all games played before a playoff or tournament is held. Two completed periods of a football game, prior to any overtime or tiebreaker. A style of play in which the ball is passed on or distributed without touching the ball more than certain times. A part of football field which can be roughly located but might get changed due to certain circumstances. A round of an elimination tournament with 8 matches. The winners of these 8 matches go to the quarter final round. A football match played in the round stage of a playoff tournament. The act of a player in blocking or stopping a shot that would have gone into the goal without his intervention. When a player kicks the ball in mid-air backwards and over his own head, usually making contact above waist level. Made famous by Pele but invented in Chile. A goal usually scored from a very short range or in front of the goalmouth when a lot of players deflect the ball without clearly shooting or heading it which finally goes in goal. A round of an elimination tournament with two mathes. The winners of these two matches go to the final round. To eject a player for a flagrant violation of the rules; the consequence of receiving a red card. A planned strategy that a team uses when a game is restarted with a free kick, penalty kick, corner kick, goal kick, throw-in or kickoff. Pads that strap onto a player's lower leg to protect the shins should he or she be kicked there. A surprise goal usually against the dominant team in a match which shocks them. A covering shaped to fit the foot (below the ankle) with a flexible upper of leather or plastic and a sole and heel of heavier material. When a team is playing with less than its full complement of 11 players. A ball kicked or headed by a player at the opponent's net in an attempt to score a goal. Minimal shoulder-to-shoulder contact by a defender against a ball carrier; the only contact allowed by the rules unless a defender touches the ball first. Preventing the opposition from scoring any goals in a game; for example, a score of 2-0 or 4-0; goalies are often credited with shutouts because they did not allow any goals to get past them. An attempt by a defender to redirect the ball slightly with his foot away from a ball carrier running in the same direction. A place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location. Side boundary of the football field; a line that runs along the length of the field on each side. A type of elimination tournament where a single loss eliminates a team from the tournament. A football player with a special characteristic based on a situation within a match. An attempt to take posession of the ball from the opponent by sliding on the ground. A cloth covering for the foot worn inside the shoe; reaches to between the ankle and the knee. An action performed by some person(s) within a contest, tournament or match. An action performed by some person(s) during a match at a certain time point. A sport match event that happens at a given place and time point. A sport match situation that happens at a given place and during a time interval. SportiveOrganization is the class of Organizations who focuses on sports. A squad is a set of players in a match that itself is part of a FootballClubTeam. The defender that marks the best scorer on the attacking team, often the opposition's striker; exists only in a man-to-man defense. A team's most powerful and best-scoring forward who plays towards the center of the field; A long, wild, hopeless shot that results in a goal If tried a thousand times, it would only in "during a Sunday league match". The defender that plays closest to his own goal behind the rest of the defenders; a team's last line of defense in front of the goalkeeper. An offensive formation in which the quarterback lines up directly behind the center, and two or three running backs are positioned four or five yards behind the quarterback. The act of taking the ball away from a player by kicking or stopping it with one's feet. The different types of tackle considering the way to do a tackle like, back, block, front etc. When a ballhandler moves in one direction but leaves (i.e., "drops") the ball for a teammate behind him who moves in a different direction. A group on the same side, as in a game. As this term is used in very many ways typically, we model about everything as a "team" and specify further in the subclasses. See Club for further information. The selection of World Cup teams to place them into playing groups for the tournament and the event surrounding this selection. Developed in the 1930's in Geneva, called for different attack and defense formations, creating an illusion the opponent was outmanned. A roving deep center back evolved into today's sweeper. When a player uses his thigh to slow down and control a ball in the air. A round of an elimination tournament in which the losers of semifinal play against each other. A pass sent to a teammate to get him the ball behind his defender; used to penetrate a line of defenders. Propelling the ball through the air with a rapid movement of the arm and wrist. A type of restart where a player throws the ball from behind his head with two hands while standing with both feet on the ground behind a sideline; taken by a player opposite the team that last touched the ball before it went out of bounds across a sideline. A way to choose the winner of a match when teams are tied after overtime. The only regional football competition in Asia played between teams from South East Asia. "http://www.tigercup.org/en/" More an attitude than a system, played by the Dutch in the 1970's Allows any player to attack or defend, with others rotating to cover vacated areas. Successful players must have well developed all-around skills. A series of contests in which a number of contestants compete and the one that prevails through the final round or that finishes with the best record is declared the winner. Running behind another player in an attempt to mark an attacker or support a fellow teammate. When a player uses his body to slow down and control a moving ball, most often using his chest, thighs or feet. An award for success in war or hunting or sport; something given as a token of victory. A player having a certain characteristic given to him due to some outer reasons and not because he possesses it generally. The UEFA Cup, introduced for the 1971/72 season, is open to teams finishing in leading positions behind the champions in their domestic top divisions, the winners of the national Cup competition, the winners of the League Cup competition in certain countries, the three winners of the final matches in the UEFA Intertoto Cup, and three clubs from UEFA’s annual Fair Play assessment. "http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/CompetitionInfo/index.html" and "http://www.uefa.com/Competitions/uefacup/AllTimeStatistics/index.html" Not having achieved the designed age (e.g., U8, U21, etc.) before August 1 of the current year. An unintentioned handling of a ball by a player other than the goal-keeper(in the Penalty Area). This action is not deliberate and requires no penalty. In other words movement of the ball into the players hand. In or into the part of the field toward which the offensive team is headed. A line of 2 to 6 defending players pressed together shoulder-to-shoulder to protect their goal against a close free kick; creates a more difficult shot by reducing the amount of open goal area the kicker has to shoot at. A pass by a ball carrier who sends the ball to a teammate, then runs behind his own defender and quickly receives a pass back; used to get a player past his defender without having to dribble by him. Run until the normal working temperature is reached; usually done before starting to play. The sound made by something moving rapidly or by steam coming out of a small aperture. A device that forces air or steam against an edge or into a cavity and so produces a loud shrill sound. A summary of the outcomes of a team's matches; for example, a team with a 3-1-2 record has played 6 games and won 3, tied 1 and lost 2. The outside forwards who play to the sides of the strikers and whose primary task is to provide them with accurate crossing passes so they can shoot at the goal; often the fastest players and best dribblers on a team. A special design representing a world cup football championship. The mascot of a football world cup. "http://www.worldcup.isn.pl/en/design.htm" A playing card-sized card that a referee holds up to warn a football player for dangerous or unsportsmanlike behavior; also called a caution; 2 yellow cards in one game earns a player an automatic red card, signaling his removal from the game. A type of defense that assigns each defender to a particular area in front of or around his team's goal in which he is responsible for marking any attacker that enters; a system of refereeing in which a single official controls the game from within the field, without use of assistant referees A style of play in which the ball is passed on or distributed without touching the ball more than once. The fans, supporters, and crowd that helps the home team gain an advantage over the visiting team. The Classic 2-3-5: Developed in the 1890's by the English featuring 2 fullbacks, 3 halfbacks and 5 forwards, this was the standard soccer formation until the 1940's. A system of refereeing in which two officials control the game from the sidelines. A type of break with 2 attacking players against 1 defensive player. A style of play in which the ball is passed on or distributed after only two touches. A rarely played formation, most often employed when a team is behind in a game and needs a goal. A 3-4-3 features a goalkeeper, three defenders, four midfielders and three forwards. A formation featuring a goalkeeper, a sweeper and two marking backs, five midfielders and two forwards. A system of refereeing in which the game is controlled by a center referee with two assistant referees. A type of break with 3 attacking players against only 1 defensive player. A type of break with 3 attacking players against 2 defensive players. An American term for "deny, delay, and destroy" or "delay, destroy and develop". A style of play in which the ball is passed on or distributed after only three touches. A formation that consists of 4 defenders, 2 midfielders and 4 forwards; Famous by the lighting-quick World Cup champions Brazilians in 1958, the two deep wing backs initiated attacks along the touchlines, transforming into an awesome 2-4-4. A formation that consists of 4 defenders, 3 midfielders and 3 forwards. featuring the goalkeeper, four defenders, four midfielders and two forwards. A formation that consists of 4 defenders, 5 midfielders and 1 forward. The 4th official referee who keeps track of the official time to notify teams and fans when each period is completed. He can replace the referee is needed. A ball that neither attacker nor defender have an advantage of winning; a loose ball that both players have an opportunity to acquire. This is a foul in Futsal. Upon a team’s 6th accumulated foul in each half, the defending team cannot build a wall to block the kick. The player taking the kick must be clearly identified and the player taking the kick must make an attempt at the goal. A free-text comment. Not used by the system. For knowledge engineers only. The tournament in which a certain event happens or contains an object. References the occuring events in the match, for example scored goals, or substitutions. For a league match, this is the number of the day in which the match is held within a league with a certain number of match days. For match in a tournaments with rounds or stages, each match is supposed to have a number which is shown by this slot. This points the rounds of a tournament containing different rounds. The result ("1:2") after taking the goal into account. The order should match the matchResult slot in subclasses of Match. Inform single components about system status, like expected answer time, meta information about results, open queries, etc. The value of 'queryRunning' does not dipend on that of 'actualAnswerTime', meaning that following configuration is also possible: actualAnswerTime 42 queryRunning true Express how long the processing took for realization of an answer. It is expressed in milliseconds. Give the time expected for the processing and realization of an answer. It is expressed in milliseconds. Inform that there's no result in the document, but there could be one in the process. Inform that there's no result in the document and in the process too. A Device that recordes pictures from light, e.g. a (video) camera A location is a place on earth that can be described via an Adress or a Geocoordinate. The process that an image gets shown via some medium, e.g. a book, a camera. A StillPictruresWebcam is a Webcam that referes to a StillPicturesCamera, ie. has Url of single Image instead of videostream. A StreamingWebcam is a Webcam that referes to a StreamingCamera, ie. has Url of videostream instead of singel image. A digital image as video stream, displaying time information. A Webcam is an information object that provides the Url of either an image-file or a video stream.